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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 29, 2010 8:05:19 GMT -5
There are copies of these 1870 Cheyenne River Agency delegation pictures in the collections of the Birmingham Public Library here in England. According to the ID I have on the Birmingham photos this image is of Pretty Bear, one of the Two Kettle delegates.
There was another man named Running Bull in the delegation, identified as a Miniconjou. I don't have any other info' on him, but the image (which I don't have - sorrry!) showed a heavy built older man.
As I understand that delegation the men were
MINICONJOU Running Bull Swan IV
SANS ARC Red Feather Black Tomahawk
TWO KETTLE (Joseph) Four Bears Pretty Bear
Hope this helps
Kingsley
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 28, 2010 7:07:51 GMT -5
Mike Cowdrey has just sent me this link to the newly online Wm Blackmore Collection at the British Museum. There is amazing stuff here including much new that we will all want to debate. Kingsley www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_results.aspx?queryAll=People%2f!!%2fOR%2f!!%2f41503%2f!%2f41503-1-9%2f!%2fAssociated+with+William+Henry+Blackmore%2f!%2f%2f!!%2f%2f!!!%2f&objectId=3216441&partId=1&searchText=American+Indian&fromADBC=ad&toADBC=ad&numpages=10&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx¤tPage=1
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 23, 2010 10:39:36 GMT -5
grahamew
many thanks for posting these drawings by Whirlwind Soldier. Amazing!
I read the caption about Windy Horse as:
Windy Horse In Battle with Pawnee saving White Thunder the chief of Brule sioux Indian myself and Horse wounded
I think it's worth noting that several pictures show distinctive warrior society regalia. In one image Ring Thunder is wearing the horned warbonnet of the Strong Heart society (the one with rows of feathers laying flat), in another he carries one of the banner lances of the same society (with alternating bands of black and white feathers). Iron Tail is carrying either a bow lance of the Kit Fox society or a Sacred Bow. Like you I wonder if this Iron Tail is the same as the man who later worked with the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show. He, incidentally, was a son (maybe we should write 'son') of Little Hawk the Oglala chief (brother to Crazy Horse's father Worm).
Whirlwind Soldier himself, in the first image, is carrying a fur-wrapped crooked lance. This type of lance was used by the Strong Heart, Wichiska, and Ihoka societies, but nb that also it was one of two types of lances given out by the blotahunka (council of war chiefs) to noted warriors immediately before a battle.
It has occurred to me that many of these drawings may relate to the Lakota rout of the Pawnee hunting camp at Massacre Canyon, Neb. in August 1873 - the last major action between these traditional enemy tribes.
Thanks also to Gary for the transcription of George Bent, valuable details about Spotted Crow.
Kingsley
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 19, 2010 9:38:33 GMT -5
That is very interesting Dietmar, indeed helping to confirm that Whirlwind Soldier was the son of the Cheyenne council chief killed at the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864. So the first word of the massacre could have been brought to the Southern Brule village by WS, the nephew of its ranking war chief Spotted Tail.
dickmill, in your first posting you mentioned that WS was not only ST's nephew, but adopted by him in some way. I wonder if that could be after Sand Creek?
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 13, 2010 17:46:28 GMT -5
Roast, or Roaster, is listed in the 1900 Rosebud Reservation census, his birth date given as March 1821. He is listed on the same page as Two Strike, which suggests that his home was with or near the Two Strike community at modern St. Francis. Emily's posting of his obituary confirms this. He is also listed near Slow Thunder, birth date given as 1828. A man of this name, to judge from the 1887 Rosebud census born about a decade earlier than the latter date, was an important headman among the Upper Brules in the 1870s. In the 1877 Spotted Tail Agency delegation to Washington, Ring Thunder represented Slow Thunder's band.
What was this band? There was a Brule band called Roaster (Wacheunpa or Wamecheunpa). Bands of the same name existed among the Oglalas (identified with the Stabber family) and the Yanktons. Because of the similarity of the name I have speculated that this was the band of our man Roaster. However the Lakota form of his name is not an exact match. According to Victor Douville the Roaster band settled in the Grass Mountain community area, very near to Two Strike's community - so again we may have a match.
Roaster was named as a headman (wakichunze or decider) in the Brule village on the Republican R. in the winter of 1871-72. According to the Omaha Daily Bee of Aug. 21, Roaster was with the Brule delegation to Washington in 1872. No man of that name is among those photographed by Alex. Gardner, but I had speculated that Roaster corresponded to the Gardner sitter named Bald Eagle, Anuksan wambli. That was before I had seen any authenticated portraits of Roaster. Could we upload the SIRIS image of Bald Eagle, Dietmar, and compare? He is a distinctly leaner individual than the Roaster of the 1880s, but you facial experts can compare in depth.
Now we know that Roaster was a very important holy man, and indeed the Battiste Good winter count records that he was the holy man who held a major Ghost Owning ceremony in 1864-65. Emily's information indicates that he was an historian, perhaps keeping a winter count.
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 13, 2010 7:39:33 GMT -5
Thanks for the great photo's everyone, and special thanks to dickmill for the very interesting new information on Whirlwind Soldier. Dietmar I think I may have posted somewhere the suggestion that WS was a son-in-law of Spotted Tail. That was based on the fact that the New York Public Library photos of Brule children taken at Carlisle in 1880-81 includes an image of a Daniel Whirlwind Soldier, identified as the grandson of Spotted Tail. I think the photo is reproduced in George Hyde's A SIOUX CHRONICLE. Knowing that WS was not a biological 'son' of ST I made the wrong assumption. I should have allowed for the fact that Lakota relationships could have been interpreted differently!
I'm looking forward to reading more details on Whirlwind Soldier. According to the Big Missouri winter count WS was a leader in the Bad Nation (Oyate Sicha) band, which settled on the north edge of the Rosebud Reservation. Victor Douville, the historian at Sinte Gleska University, told me in 2001 that the Bad Nation band at Rosebud was an offshoot of the Brule Kiyuksa band.
There was a Cheyenne council chief called Spotted Crow, killed in the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864. I wonder if this was the man who married Spotted Tail's sister? If so it hints at the personal grief and tragedy that underwrote Spotted Tail's smoking of the Cheyenne war pipe in December 64 and his leading in the fights at Julesburg and along the Platte in Jan-Feb. 1865.
From Alexander Gardner's group photo taken at Ft Laramie in April 1868 we can see that WS was by then part of the Spotted Tail 'bodyguard'. The treaty commission brought ST and a party of his headmen to Ft Laramie by rail and stage from the Upper Platte Agency. WS was likely one of these men.
Kingsley
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Post by kingsleybray on Dec 25, 2009 3:49:06 GMT -5
A Very Merry Christmas and best wishes for the New Year, to all the people who have made this site such a pleasure and treasure of knowledge
Kingsley
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Post by kingsleybray on Dec 2, 2009 6:07:46 GMT -5
Thanks Ephriam. I had forgotten the Sept. 1 transfer of the Red Hawk (the elder?) family from Red Cloud to Spotted Tail Agency.
We have some clues to Red Hawk's role in Lakota spiritual life, too. He gave an interview to Dr James R. Walker, that is printed in LAKOTA BELIEF AND RITUAL, pp 136-37. In it Red Hawk states that he was a Bear Dreamer and so acted as a healer. He had "a revelation from Wi", the Sun, meaning he had endured the Sun Dance and secured a vision. Indicating his Sun Dance scars, Red Hawk stated that because of them no Lakota would doubt his word.
He also spoke about being a warrior, and that he was entitled to "wear the split eagle feather". He doesn't clarify that, but a scout (tonweya) wore an eagle plume with the feather stripped away except for the black tip. However perhaps he means some sort of coup symbolism.
It's worth pointing out that in two of the images printed from the ledger (see Dietmar's posting above) he is shown in battle carrying a fur-wrapped crooked lance. Such lances were the regalia of important officers in the Ihoka, Sotka Yuha and Wichiska warrior societies. (Some sources indicate that the Chante Tinza society had such lances too.) Given his age he may have held such an office during the Canada years.
Kingsley
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Post by kingsleybray on Nov 30, 2009 14:58:33 GMT -5
According to the 1890 Pine Ridge census, this man - "Cetanluta, Red Hawk Jr." - was 33 years old, born ca. 1856-57. He belonged to the Wakan tiyoshpaye, a sub-band of the larger Oyuhpe band, which had settled along Wounded Knee Creek. Wakan community is still there today, a few miles north of Manderson.
An older man of the same name, age 64, so born ca. 1825-26, is listed in the main Oyuhpe band, probably the father of our man.
Earlier ref's: a rather mysterious one in the Red Cloud Agency census dated August 3, 1874. "Orphans (parents were killed in /70 - Red Hawk Jr Band)", identified as 43 children. This list includes new arrivals/visitors at the agency from the north.
A family headed by Red Hawk (the elder?) was part of the Crazy Horse village that surrendered at Red Cloud Agency on May 6, 1877. It also included one other named adult male, Good Boy (Red Hawk Jr.?), plus one woman and four girls.
The family must have been involved in the breakouts to Canada in late 1877-78. We may pick up the trail again in the September 1881 Standing Rock census (Sitting Bull surrender ledger). As Ephriam has documented, this list includes the non-treaty people that had surrendered at Ft Keogh, Ft Buford, etc. during 1880-81, and were steamboated down to Standing Rock in summer 1881. As part of Hump's village (mostly Miniconjou) we find a family headed by a Red Hawk of the right age, 24, to be our younger man. Maybe he married into the Miniconjou while up in Canada. It is worth noting that in 1890 Red Hawk Sr's wife is named as No Bow, probably indicating she was a Sans Arc. This is consistent with what we know about the Oyuhpe band: many people had strong northern connections that they chose to renew and re-affirm through marriages, adoptions, visits.
In 1882 the non-treaty camps were re-located to their 'home' agencies - Oglalas to Pine Ridge, Brules to Rosebud, etc. Hump's people went to Cheyenne River but no Red Hawk is included in the tally completed there on June 30. However, a family headed by Red Hawk (unclear which one) is noted as "northern" in the 1882 Pine Ridge Ration Roll, i.e. they were part of the group brought down from Standing Rock to the Oglala agency in spring 1882.
Kingsley
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Post by kingsleybray on Nov 20, 2009 5:42:13 GMT -5
hreinn, I think you are on the right track by trying to understand the connections between these families. Connections certainly existed but the evidence of just what they were is unsatisfactory. But as LaDonna says, "Lakotas - we're all related; it's just a question of figuring out how!"
A couple of observations. A woman named simply "Crazy Horses Mother", age given as 90, is listed as part of the Northern Camp at Rosebud in the 1887 agency census. If she really was that age, we might think she is the mother of Worm rather than his son the famous Crazy Horse. In official Rosebud reports the father is usually called Old Man Crazy Horse. So this woman, unfortunately not identified by name, may have been the wife of Makes the Song.
A woman named Good Haired Otter was living in the Little Hawk household at Pine Ridge, in the 1891 census. She is identified as the mother of Little Hawk the elder, the younger brother (I presume half-brother, same father, different mother) of Worm. Her age is given as 79, so born about 1812.
Building on what Wendyll Smoke has posted on this website, I have wondered if Man Afraid of His Horse I (born ca. 1750, identified with Kuhinyan tiyoshpaye, part of what would become the Kiyuksa band of Oglalas), and Parts of Body (born frame 1750-75, Sihasapa Lakota, father of Old Smoke [ca. 1790s-1864]), married daughters of Standing Bull I (floruit 1775, family identified with Hunkpatila tiyoshpaye of Oglalas).
In the 19th century one large extended family group (tiwahe) within the Hunkpatila band was called Kapozha. Old Man Afraid of His Horse was part of this tiwahe, according to William Powers. Red Feather (Crazy Horse's brother-in-law) told Fr Buechel that in his day Worm was the headman of the Kapozha. So the Man Afraids and Crazy Horse families were very closely associated, certainly before the 1866-71 frame, when contention over war or peace with the Americans, the treaty, reservation, etc. broke up the old Hunkpatila band.
Several statements exist asserting some connection between the Crazy Horse and Smoke families, but I'm not aware of any details. All thoughts welcome!
Kingsley
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Post by kingsleybray on Nov 16, 2009 14:18:53 GMT -5
High Wolf, Shunkmanitu Wankatuya, born ca. 1824, was a prominent Oglala headman in the late 1860s and 1870s. I have heard that he was half Cheyenne. George Hyde identifies him with the Oyuhpe band (Red Cloud's Folk, p. 174), though I have not come across a contemporary statement that confirms that.
According to Thomas Mails' biography of the 20th century holy man Frank Fools Crow, High Wolf was a Sun Dance priest in pre-reservation times. He enters the documentary record in 1868 when he was Oglala signatory no. 14 to the Treaty of Ft Laramie, signed on May 25. He spent the summer with Man Afraid of His Horse's village which was moving along the South Cheyenne and upper Powder rivers. Later in the summer however it is noted that he led one or more war parties against the Americans, an early example of disenchantment with the new treaty. The document refers to him as High Wolf or The Lame Warrior. He evidently had sustained a leg wound at some point, hence the nickname, which recurs again in the Red Cloud Census pictographs drawn ca. 1882 and published by Garrick Mallery in his Bureau of American Ethnology reports - there High Wolf is referred to as Sits Like a Woman.
High Wolf moved to Red Cloud Agency soon after it was established in 1871 or 1872, travelling to Washington in May-June 1872 - whence the classic Alexander Gardner image above. After the trip (though not before) agent Daniels refers to High Wolf as a chief. In 1873-74 his sub-band was rationed at Red Cloud Agency as part of the larger Payabya band (Old Man Afraid of His Horse's band). In the Pine Ridge reservation census for 1890 he is listed as belonging to the Peshla or Bald Head band, settled in the Porcupine District.
It's a truly beautiful image, Naiches, and thanks for the incredibly detailed blowup. Here's a question for the photo experts. Is this hair-fringed shirt the same as that worn by Little Big Man on the 1877 delegation?
Coincidentally or not, an 1872 report of Little Big Man paying a visit to Red Cloud Agency no. 1, mentions that he was staying with High Wolf. And in the 1890 census High Wolf's family includes a 15-year old son named Chasing Bear, Mato Wakuwa. That is of course Little Big Man's formal name. I wonder if there was a family connection?
Kingsley
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Post by kingsleybray on Nov 12, 2009 9:23:51 GMT -5
The first chief Two Bears (the one famously photographed by Gardner in 1872) died, under year 1878-79 in the Blue Thunder winter counts, and was succeeded by his son, who took the name Two Bears. I'm not sure which son he corresponds to in LaDonna's genealogy.
Kingsley
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Post by kingsleybray on Nov 9, 2009 15:39:30 GMT -5
Maybe LaDonna can help with Standing Rock descendants? She told me last year that there were no Black Moons left with the name, but that the Elk Nation family is descended from the Black Moons. They live in or near Bull Head.
Kingsley
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Post by kingsleybray on Nov 9, 2009 14:40:41 GMT -5
The connection of Alice Red Boy would seem to be to the famous Hunkpapa shirt wearer, holy man and Sun Dance priest Black Moon (ca. 1815-1888). He is listed in the Standing Rock censuses from Sept. 1881 through 1888, where his wife is consistently identified as Red Cloud Woman (Mahpiya luta-win), born ca. 1819. He had been apprenticed to Dreamer of the Sun, the great Hunkpapa Sun Dance priest, before the latter's death ca. 1856-57.
Paul High Back's father was the Miniconjou headman Black Moon. These are definitely two separate families of Black Moons.
Hope this helps
Kingsley
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Post by kingsleybray on Oct 16, 2009 16:28:40 GMT -5
In his Bureau of American Ethnology publication on the winter counts Garrick Mallery writes:
"A Minneconjou chief, The-Swan, elsewhere called The-Little-Swan, kept this record on the dressed skin of an antelope or deer, claiming that it had been preserved in his family for seventy years."
(Pictographs of the North American Indians, p. 94)
The reference is to Paul Swan, the active keeper of the count when it was collected . However the name Little Swan is also used of his father in the count entries (pp 124-125) recording his death in 1866-67.
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