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Post by ouroboros on Nov 7, 2021 11:13:28 GMT -5
There is an interesting description of Bajo El Sol in Carlysle Graham Raht's 'The Romance of Davis Mountains and Big Bend Country: A History', p. 294:
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Post by ouroboros on Nov 6, 2021 3:20:35 GMT -5
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Post by ouroboros on Nov 6, 2021 2:36:06 GMT -5
The third argument is built on the info from the year 1834 that relates on a joint war-party of Mescalero and Chihenne led by Gómez:
Gómez activity is closely related with that of a chief called Cigaritto ("Cigarette"), who was his close ally or even a subordinate chieftain. Cigaritto was identified in mexican sources as a member of the Chihenne, see e. g.:
William B. Griffen, and excellent scholar of the Apaches, is convinced that Cigaritto was a Mimbreno leader, see: Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio, 1750-1858, p. 148.
It is important to note that Gómez had a big influence on Eastern Chiricahuas who joined his forces during raids on Mexico, which would be very strange if he was a Mescalero chieftain. Usually, Mescaleros and Chiricahuas, although mostly on friendly terms, respected that Rio Grande is the border between their territories, and a joint war activities were of both tribes were uncommon (even the great Cochise had little contact with the Mescaleros east of the Rio Grande, according to Sweeney).
These informations indeed make the possibility that the Aguanuevas were either:
1) A offshot group of the Mimbres/Chihenne, as Eve Ball concluded. 2) Or a distinctive group who has both ties to the Eastern Chiricahua and to the Mescalero.
I am inclined to see the second option as the more possilble.
I the future I will present an argument that the Agua Nueva were the same as the Zitachisene.
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Post by ouroboros on Oct 30, 2021 3:10:07 GMT -5
The second argument is built upon the treaty from 4 July 1842, with Apaches from the Aguanueva region. It was concluded with the Mimbres Apaches represented by capitan Gomez and other chieftains i.a. Cigarrito:
Note few important points:
1) Gomez represented Mimbres Apaches, not Mescaleros. The latter signed a treaty some time before and were represented by chief Jose Maria Maria.
2) The Mimbres Apaches encompassed here all the Nde from the area of Aguanueva. This area gave the name Agua Nueva/Aguas Nuevas to the group led by Gomez, Mateo, and Venancio/Verancia.
One could ask why Gomez did represent Mimbres Apaches, when he was a Mescalero? Two solutions are possible:
a) If we assume that Agua Nueva were the same as the "Blue Mountain People" and Eve Ball is right that the 'Blue Mountain Apache' were "a splinter group of the Warm Springs Apaches", one can conclude that they were not a group of the Mescaleros and Gomez was not a Mescalero nantan.
b) If we assume that Gomez was a indeed a Mescalero chieftain he was a leader who controlled a mixed group of Mescalero and Chihenne Apaches.
I am more and more sceptical that the Agua Nueva Apaches were a group of the Mescalero. It seems that, indeed, they were a disctinctive group having ties both to the Mescalero and Chiricahua Apaches (mainly the Chihenne).
Therefore I would delete the whole tread I created on Gomez, since its title "Mescalero Chief Gómez" can falsely attribute his group identity. But it contains much important infos, so let it is as it is.
In the coming days I will present a third argument.
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Post by ouroboros on Oct 29, 2021 10:56:18 GMT -5
There are some fine observations by Harry Baseheart (Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-political Organization, p. 137) on the friendly relations between Eastern Chiricahuas and the group known as Agua Nueva, possibly identical with the Zitachisene and Tsebekinende:
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Post by ouroboros on Oct 29, 2021 2:36:44 GMT -5
A further information on the 'Blue Mountain People' was collected by Eve Ball during her fieldwork in the Nde reservations. Sherry Robinson, who transformed Ball's notes into a book, writes (Sherry Robinson, Apache Voices: Their Stories of Survival as Told to Eve Ball, p. 240):
Why the Blue Mountain People were classified as a splinter group of the Warm Springs Apaches (that is Chihenne - "Red Paint People" of the Chiricahua) is a mystery. However there are a few indications that this statement can be true. The first argument:
1) If the Blue Mountain were the same as the Agua Nueva, Zitachisene, Tsebekinende one should mention that Venancio (or Binanchio, Verancia), the son of the famous nantan Juan Gómez and leader of the Agua Nueva, in 1859, crossed the Rio Grande (boundary river between Chiricahua and Mescalero territories) and requested Agent Steck to permit them to remain among their Mimbres Apache kinsmen west of the river (see Baseheart, Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-political Organization, p. 82).
The Mimbres Apaches are of course the Chihenne. The statement that the Mimbres were kin to the Agua Nueva makes possibile that indeed the Blue Mountain People were closely related to the Eastern Chiricahua.
It should be noted here that there was a great hostility between Venancio and all Mescalero Chiefs except Manco, who was Venancio's father in law (see Basehaert, Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-political Organization, p. 136). So one can conclude that there were amicable relations between Agua Nueva and the Chihenne, whilst there was a great deal of hostility between the former and the Mescalero groups (except the one led by Manco).
I will present a second argument in the coming days.
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Post by ouroboros on Oct 15, 2021 9:02:10 GMT -5
The problems are complicated further:
1) As noted by Baseheart a local group of the Chiricahua also bore the name "Blue Mountain People". It was a local group of the Nednai/Nedni/Nednahi called by the Mexicans the Janeros. Their autonym was Dzilthdaklizhénde - "Blue Mountain people".
The Nednai Dzilthdaklizhénde were confused with the Dziƚdak?ƚijende/Zitachisene. Even Apaches often confused these two groups.
2) The very similarity between the Dzilthdaklizhénde and the Dziƚdak?ƚijende/Zitachisene led to many confusion. I am not sure whether the famous Apache victory over a large Comanche war party at Coyote Mountain, was achieved by a coalition of Lipan, Mescalero, and Chiricahua. The list of Apache groups who fought in this battle included "Blue Mountain people", usually identified with the Nednai.
The main issue is that the Mescalero informant Percy Big Mouth locates the Coyote Mountain in today Davis Mountains, that is in West texas. The Davis Mountains were a favourite camping side of the Agua Nuevas Apaches who are possibly the same as Dziƚdak?ƚijende/Zitachisene.
It is difficult to see why a group of Nednai had come to Western Texas. I will elaborate on this issue in the future.
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Post by ouroboros on Oct 14, 2021 8:49:29 GMT -5
I came up on two infos on the existence of a group known as Zitachisene:
1) W. Gifford, Anthropological record 4:1, p. 4, writes that a Mescalero Apache called Piganzi told him that his mother belonged to a Apache group called Zitachisene:
2) Alfred Louis Kroeber, (Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America, p. 37) commenting Gifford notes that:
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Post by ouroboros on Oct 14, 2021 2:13:30 GMT -5
Sometimes the Apaches joined the Mexicans to contain Comanche raiders. In 1841 the noted Mescalero Chief Santa Anna (or Santana alias Santa Ana) informed the commander of San Carlos of an approaching Comanche raid. As Ralph Smith, Indians in American-Mexican Relations Before the War of 1846, p. 50, writes:
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Post by ouroboros on Oct 13, 2021 1:27:27 GMT -5
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Post by ouroboros on Oct 12, 2021 3:24:21 GMT -5
The Agua Nuevas or Aguas Nuevas were a famous and warlike, even if a mysterious Nde group which belonged either to the Chiricahuas or Mescaleros, or was a distinctive and separate group with close ties to both. The Agua Nuevas are identified with the Tsebekinende or the Zitachisene/dziłdakłijende.
Harry W. Baseheart, in his book 'Mescalero Apache subsistence patterns and socio-political organization', who made some interviews with Mescalero Nde who remembered the pre-reservation period, comments this issue as follows (part 1):
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Post by ouroboros on Oct 12, 2021 3:02:03 GMT -5
Hello, I look for an article in El Faro newspaper from Chihuahua state. It was in the paper 23th of June, 1849. It was about the killing of the Nedni chief Jasquedega and between 20 to 30 people of his local group by scalp hunters. These scalp hunters were leading by a man named Zoza. If somebody can fin this article, even in spanish (I am not fluent but I understand some spanish words, I will thanks her or him. Possibly it was reprinted in this book: La Presencia del indígena en la prensa capitalina del siglo XIX, ed. Antonio Escobar Ohmstede, Teresa Rojas Rabiela, Patricia Lagos Preisser, vol. 1-3.
The Authors had done a great job reprinting articles from major Mexican newspapers.
There is much info on Jasquedega, but I don't know whether it mentions the aforemntioned killing.
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Post by ouroboros on Oct 12, 2021 2:41:19 GMT -5
In the first half of the nineteenth century the warfare between Comanches and Mescaleros was mainly limited to raids on camps by both peoples, and also small ambushes conducted by the Mescalero on Comanche raiders returning from Mexico. The one major battle was the Apache victory against a large Comanche war-party
There is a fine comment by Harry W. Baseheart, Mescalero Apache subsistence patterns and socio-political organization, p. 165:
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Post by ouroboros on Oct 2, 2021 7:52:07 GMT -5
The Western Apache called the Comanches Hanahdi’ nnee, which means 'Native Americans from far away', a term used also for other tribes such as the Lakota and the Cheyenne.
Source: Willem J. De Reuse, A Practical Grammar of San Carlos Apache, p. 196.
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Post by ouroboros on Aug 24, 2021 3:03:21 GMT -5
I have looked for some additional infos on the Red shields society:
1) According to Grinnell, The Cheyenne Indians, p. 160:
2) According to the book Renate Schukies, Red Hat: Cheyenne Blue Sky Maker and Keeper of the Sacred Arrows, p. 185:
3) There is a Cheyenne tradition that Cheyenne culture-hero called Sweet Medicine organised the Red Shields along with four other societies
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