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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 14:09:26 GMT -5
Maybe Donovin Sprague will have to add more information on Hump and Iron Lightning. His coming book "Hump and Crazy Horse, Lakota/Cheyenne History: From a Family Perspective" is currently in the hands of the University of Oklahoma Press and soon to be released.
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 14:08:52 GMT -5
As far as I know, Donovin Sprague is working on a book about Chief Hump. As we know, he is a descendant.
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 14:08:30 GMT -5
That is interesting, it clarifies that Iron Lightning and Hump were not actual brothers, but grew up together from a young age. Check the Red Hawk thread under Oglala, Iron Lightning and Red Hawk were brothers.
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 14:07:24 GMT -5
As the photographs of Iron Lightning above show, he was a delegate to Washington on several occasions, at least in 1904, 1906 and 1909. Here´s an article with many interesting details. Iron Lightning´s friend Hump must be the younger man of that name (High Backbone II.). FAMOUS SIOUX CHIEFS
HUMP AND IRON LIGHTNING HERE ON A VISIT.
They Call at Museum - Attempt is Made to Secure Casts of Their Faces.Chief Hump and Chief Iron Lightning, two prominent Sioux Indians from the Cheyenne River reservation, South Dakota, are paying a visit to the city of the "Great White Father" and incidentally viewing the sights of the national capital. Both Chief Hump and Iron Lightning participated in the famous bloody battle on the Little Big Horn known as "Custer's last fight," when the sons of the plains annihilated Custer and his little band of soldiers. The two Sioux chiefs were rebellious Indians then, and their hands were turned fiercely against the paleface, but their warrior days are over now and they both dwell peacefully on the reservation set aside for them by Uncle Sam, and dream no more of savage wars and scenes of carnage. Chief Hump surrendered himself to Gen. Miles in 1877 at the fork of the Yellowstone river, and since that time he has been the white man's friend. He was made chief of Gen. Miles' Indian scouts, and served in that capacity for a number of years. The general reported him to be one of the bravest and most sagacious scouts that ever served under him. Hump was wounded in the shoulder during the Nez Perces war, and about two years ago he came to Washington, and through the solicitation of Gen. Miles and Senator Kittredge, he was allowed a pension from the government. Chief Iron Lightning was born In the same lodge as Chief Hump, and the two redskins have always been the closest of friends, sort of "college chums," as it were, since the time when as papooses they played around the tepees of their Indian camp, snaring the wily gopher in his hole and slaying the unsuspecting prairie owl with bows and arrows. Later in life this Damon and Pythias of the Cheyenne river Sioux decked themselves with feathers and smeared themselves with paint and went on the warpath together, ambushing the lonely paleface pioneers in their dangerous journey across the plains, and putting forth their might to stay the march of civilization on the western frontiers. But civilization came a little too strong for them, and finally Iron Lightning, like his friend Hump, realized the folly of defying the inevitable and surrendered to the more powerful paleface. Made but One Cast. And now in the evening of their careers the two chiefs come to the home of the "Great White Father" to view the glories of that civilization which they once exerted themselves to destroy. The officials of the bureau of ethnology took photographs of the two chiefs Tuesday, and Wednesday they were escorted to the model shop of the National Museum, where it was hoped that they would both be preserved in plaster for the enlightenment of future generations. They are both fine-looking Indians, in spite of advancing years, and their well-marked, weather-beaten features would have been an addition to the collection of life masks of the Indian tribes. But it is seldom that the museum can get more than one mask out of a group of Indians at a sitting. Hump was the first to submit. He made a very good subject. Taking a face mask now is not exactly a comfortable process, though it is not as long and trying as it was a few years ago. Mr. Palmer, the Indian expert of the shop, did the work, and soon had Hump carefully done up in towels and the rapidly hardening plaster working up to his eyes and nostrils. Andrew John, the government's Seneca pensioner, was along with the party, and he tried to get Iron Lightning interested in some of the sights of the model shop. But It was no use. There was a deadly fascination about watching the things that were happening to old Hump. By the time the plaster was all over his eyes and nose Iron Lightning came to the conclusion that Mr. Palmer was some sublimated form of "slap doctor," if that superstition extends among the Indians, and he coldly reniged on the life-mask proposition. None for Iron Lightning. He had been through a score of pitched fights in the West, where quarter was neither asked nor expected. He had stood up to the buffalo In his charge and fought at close range with the grizzly bear. But when it came to cold plaster of parts, he proposed to pass out and make it a jack. "White muck no good," succinctly translated the interpreter. And if the government wants a cast of Iron Lightning's features they will have to get it in the form of a death mask. [Evening Star from Washington, District of Columbia, January 20, 1906, Page 15]
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 14:06:44 GMT -5
Thanks Gregor, Iron Lightning is mentioned several times in Walter (Stanley Vestal) Campbell´s biography on White Bull (“Warpath”, University of Nebraska Press) According to the book Iron Lightning was among 50 other Lakota in July 1865, fighting Crows in a war-party led by Hump aka High Backbone (the first of that name, as I understand it). Later in August 1865 he joined another war-party with Hump to fight soldiers in the Powder River country. In 1871 Iron Lightning captured five ponies in a fight against Flatheads (Atsina). In the battle at the Little Bighorn he rode close with White Bull and four others (among them two Cheyennes) to attack Custer´s five columns when they met their final fate. Iron Lightning´s name was also translated as Iron Thunder. It is likely that he was the younger Hump´s brother.
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 13:42:27 GMT -5
The following is from the "other side" of this website, see: www.american-tribes.com/Lakota/BIO/HighBackbone.htmHigh Backbone also known as Hump Miniconjou There are 3 men who used the name Hump or High Backbone. Hump I (1811-1870) was the son of the second wife of Black Buffalo. He was a step brother to Rattling Blanket who had a different mother but the same father. He was kola to Waglula. The families were very close and he helped Waglula win Rattling Blanket. For clarification, a kola was even closer than family and not a thing to be taken lightly as a mere friendship. Men who were kola had a commitment to each other above almost any other relationship in their lives. They would give their lives for each other in battle. Hump I, who married into the Cheyenne had 4 children, 2 of which were High Backbone, who died at 18, and Hump II, who was a contemporary of Crazy Horse. I think somewhere along the line the relationship between Hump I and Waglula (Crazy Horse I) was confused in white history with the relationship between Hump II and Crazy Horse II hence the stories of their very close friendship were born. But that's just my supposition. — CLW The older Hump was the son of Black Buffalo and was born around 1811. His mother was Good Voice Woman. He was Old Man Crazy Horse's or Waglula's brother in law. He was Rattling Blanket Woman's half brother. He had a younger brother named High Backbone who was killed in his teens. He married four Cheyenne women (also a Crow woman for a fifth wife later). The Shoshone killed one of his wives. So he always had it in for the Shoshone. The Shoshone killed him when he challenged them on a cold, wet day. He had a son that was also named Hump. This is the younger Hump. The family refers to him as Hump II. Donavin Sprague, the Director of Education up at Crazy Horse Mountain, is a great grandson of Hump. This info comes from the family oral history and my putting on 100,000 miles on my car and countless miles on foot with family members pointing the way to check out all the sites important to family members of the Crazy Horse and Hump families. — Brock Here's the younger Hump while a scout at Fort Keogh, shortly following his surrender: By L.A. Huffman Here he is somewhat later (1890s, maybe?): — Grahame Wood Hump 2 spent his life with his father's band, the Minikouju. His Mom was Cheyenne. I don't know her name. But he would spend time visiting with his Cheyenne relatives too. — Brock www.american-tribes.com/Lakota/BIO/HighBackbone.htm
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 13:41:15 GMT -5
The following is from the "other side" of this website, see: www.american-tribes.com/Lakota/BIO/HighBackbone2.htmHigh Backbone Canku Wakatuya Miniconjou The war comrade and mentor of Crazy Horse was called High Backbone (Canku Wakatuya). Reckonings of his age differ: Charles Eastman stated that High Backbone was significantly older than Crazy Horse, while He Dog told Eleanor Hinman that the two men were about the same age. I suspect that High Backbone was maybe five-ten years older than Crazy Horse, born in the first half of the 1830s: that's a big differential in the crucial boyhood years, when we know that High Backbone was a teacher and mentor to Crazy Horse, less important in adult life. This High Backbone was the strategic leader in the Fetterman battle, 1866. Indeed, one contemporary document indicates that he was the Miniconjou head chief that year. What I suspect that reflects is that in this crisis year over the Bozeman Trail issue the Miniconjou civil chiefs were 'pushed aside' and a war leadership placed in charge of tribal affairs. A similar process placed Red Cloud at the head of Northern Oglala affairs that year. High Backbone remained a prominent war leader (blotahunka) among the Miniconjou. He was killed by the Shoshones in fall 1870. Just what the relationship was between High Backbone and the younger man Hump (Chahahake), born ca. 1847, is not entirely clear. Ten or fifteen years ago, Cheyenne River elders told me that they thought there was an uncle-nephew relationship there. Some people today state that it's a straight father-son situation, but the year-spans don't fit. Hump's father was named as Dogskin Necklace in one of the Walter Camp interviews. My own informants named the father as Mashes His Nail, which sounds to me like a classic nickname. This Hump was the one who fought at the Little Bighorn, surrendered to Miles, etc. I'm not convinced that One Horn/Lone Horn and High Backbone were brothers in the Euro-American sense. — Kingsley Bray www.american-tribes.com/Lakota/BIO/HighBackbone2.htm
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 13:33:13 GMT -5
This what I wrote in my article published last year in the Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly "The Wakpokiyan and Watersnake Earrings bands were possibly sister bands formed in the eighteenth century, corresponding to the “Ta Coropa” band of Truteau (1795). There seem to be early links between the leading families of each band, connecting both through the Black Bull family of the Brulés. The Watersnake Earrings may be associated with the leadership of Cut Ear, fl. c. 1790–1831. Little Crow emerged as chief in the 1830s. He may be the Little Crow noted as living at the Ward & Guerrier post near Fort Laramie, winter 1854–55, and identified as [Seth] “Ward’s Indian” (New York Times, March 22, 1855); still active in 1865, he was reportedly 75 years old. High Backbone, about 1830/35–1870, the mentor of Crazy Horse, evidently belonged to the Watersnake Earrings. Possibly his putative father Humpback (killed by Crows 1848) was a brother of Little Crow. High Backbone’s “nephews” (possibly sons of his sister, married into the Eat No Dogs band) included the brothers Hump and Little Crow II. In the generation 1850–75 the band was sequentially identified with chiefs Brave Bear, Little Ground (Little Skunk?), and Flying By. The latter went to Canada with Sitting Bull’s people in spring 1877, but disappears from the record before the surrenders of 1880–81."
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 13:32:42 GMT -5
What do we know about this tiyoshpaye? Leonard Little Finger told me in September last year that he thought it was an offshoot from the Wakpokiyan band, and that he remembers being told it was composed of "fierce warriors regarded as 'protectors' of the tribe." He thought the band had some special connection to the Saone. An Oglala called Fast Whirlwind gave Ella Deloria a list of Oglala tiyoshpaye, that actually included the "Wagleza-owi - - They Wear Garter snakes for earrings". He remarks in the same statements that High Backbone, Crazy Horse's famous Miniconjou mentor, killed by the Shoshones in 1870, was an Oglala. So, maybe we should think of Wagleza-owin as 'floating' between both tribal divisions (with a special Oyuhpe connection among the Oglala I would think), and that High Backbone may have been among its important leaders.
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 13:32:09 GMT -5
One can not help noticing that High Back Bone was at the age of 59 when he died in a battle with Crazy Horse in 1870. Which is a rather high age for a warrior in any culture in any era. Valid observation, Hreinn. Based on his war record, High Backbone was in the prime of his warrior career in the 1860's, in wars with both the US and other tribes. This would most likely establish his age between 25-35 years old in this period and at his death in 1870 he would have been no older than 35-40. That is why I find it difficult to accept High Backbone was born in 1811. I know High Backbone's birth year and parentage has been discussed at length already here and elsewhere, but if he was born two decades later he obviously could not have been a son of Black Bull. Carlo
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 13:30:27 GMT -5
Crazy Horse`s maternal grandfather Black Buffalo (or Black Bull) (b.1760, d. 1816) also married to Good Voice Woman and together they had 1 son High Back Bone (aka Hump) (b.1811, d.1870) [1]. High Back Bone married to 4 Cheyenne sisters. High Back Bone had at least 4 children, that is Little Crow, Hump 2, High Back Bone and Two Cows. One can not help noticing that High Back Bone was at the age of 59 when he died in a battle with Crazy Horse in 1870. Which is a rather high age for a warrior in any culture in any era.
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 13:26:35 GMT -5
What does High Backbone refer to? Perhaps because of the confusion with Hump I'd always thought it referred to the back of a buffalo but in this Brule winter count, we see an entry for (if I've worked this out correctly...) 1870/1(?) the following picture: Though the date may be off by a year, it seems too much of a coincidence that the drawing depicts a man dressed in the same cape and headgear combination that High Backbone wears in Bad Heart Bull's drawings, but the name glyph seems to be a wolf or fox with a high (or humped) back...
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 13:25:53 GMT -5
A number of people at Pine Ridge and Cheyenne River have told me his father was called Mashes His Nail. Perhaps that was a nickname for Dogskin Necklace, the name given Hump's father in one of the Walter Camp documents. Kingsley, I have a brief interview with Hump's son John Hump (b. 1904) in which he states that his father was born to Iron Bull, also known as Mashes His Nails, and Ziti, later Mrs. Iron Bull (1827-1917). Perhaps Iron Bull had two nicknames, one of which was Dogskin Necklace.
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 13:25:08 GMT -5
Carlo, Fast Whirlwind is the anchor, i.e. sets the frame of reference. There is so much confusion regarding Hump and High Backbone, that references are of limited value unless they give the Lakota name. It was Kingsley who drew the attention to the Fast Whirlwind interview in a post in January 2014 in the thread "Wagleza-owin (Gartersnake Earring) band". amertribes.proboards.com/thread/1981/wagleza-owin-gartersnake-earring-band#ixzz3QEvW2AtOKingsley touched on this topic in his book: "The death of High Backbone is noted, interestingly, in several Oglala and Brule, but no Miniconjou, winter counts." [Kingsley Bray: "Crazy Horse - A Lakota Life" (2006), p.430, fn35] The Oglala He Dog answered a question which included the Oglala connection of High Backbone, see Hinman's interview with He Dog in July 13, 1930: "Question: Dr. Charles Eastman, whose Indian name is "Ohiyesa", has written in a book that Crazy Horse, when he was a young man, was intimate friends with a famous Oglala war chief called Hump or High Back Bone. We wonder if He Dog can tell us anything about this man and his friendship with Crazy Horse." "Answer: High Back Bone and Crazy Horse were sworn friends and went on n early all their war expeditions together, and the one was as great a war leader as the other. The first and last time these two disagreed was the time when High Back Bone got killed." Paul, Eli R. (editor): "The Nebraska Indian Wars Reader 1865-1877", University of Nebraska Press (1998), pages 185-186. Today, I am inclined to the following: In 1857, Crazy Horse fought against Atsinas with his Mnikhówozu mentor Hump (Cahahake / Čhaŋĥáĥake) In 1870, Crazy Horse fought against Shoshones with his Oglala friend High Backbone (Cakuhu Wakatuya / Čhaŋkĥáhu Waŋkáta) Grahame, The original source for the phrase "the grizzly and his cup" is the book by Charles A. Eastman (Ohiyesa); "Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains" (1918), page 90.
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Post by hreinn on Sept 9, 2019 13:24:36 GMT -5
grahamew, yes the man photographed by Huffman with his two wives is Hump (c. 1847-1908), the Miniconjou (Eat No Dogs band) leader who surrendered at Ft Keogh (1877) and was later prominent at Cheyenne River Agency. His band settled at the confluence of Cheyenne river and Cherry creek. A number of people at Pine Ridge and Cheyenne River have told me his father was called Mashes His Nail. Perhaps that was a nickname for Dogskin Necklace, the name given Hump's father in one of the Walter Camp documents. I think it's correct that High Backbone was an uncle (in some sense) to Hump. High Backbone belonged to the Waglezaowin band of Miniconjou. It's important to know that this band formed (in 1827) out of marriages linking the Wakpokiyan band to the Oglala Oyuhpe band. (The Oyuhpe realigned to the Miniconjou across the period 1767-1835.) The Oyuhpe and Waglezaowin remained in extremely close connection right through the 19th century. The father and namesake of Oyuhpe chief Big Road, for instance, an important Sun Dance leader, belonged to the Waglezaowin. He moved to rejoin relatives in the Oyuhpe in 1839. A sub-band called Sunkonazhin (Horse Corral) was cored on Crazy Horse's uncles (mother's 'brothers') Spotted Crow and Ashes. It continued to move between the Oyuhpe and Waglezaowin into the 1870s. Anyway, this network of contacts is why some people said High Backbone was an Oglala, others a Miniconjou. His family is said to have had deeper (18th c.) origins among both the Oyuhpe and the Wazhazha. He was grandson to the Brule head chief Black Bull (c. 1755-1815). His father (named Humpback in the Lone Dog group of winter counts) is the man who killed the Kiowa in the horse trade fair in 1814.
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