Chief Smoke and his family

[swolley]

Apr 27, 2009 4:31:13 GMT -5 W. Smoke said:

Sorry I haven’t been on, I been busy with some stuff.

But on White Cow Woman, I heard she was stolen by an enemy tribe.

Also I heard that she was the mother of Chief Lone “One” Horn.

Anyways on Old Smoke’s wives; Looking Walker of the Teton Hunkpapa Lakota; Comes Out Slow of the Teton Oglala Lakota; Yellow Haired Woman of the Cheyenne Tribe.

There are 2 more wives of Old Smoke.

But I don’t know? I need to find their names and what is their band? I know their Lakota though. Soon I get it, I’ll let you know alright?

Old Smoke married into almost each every bands in the Lakota Nation.

I can trace the Smoke family tree back around to the 1600's, that making the Smoke family the second oldest family of the Teton Lakota Sioux, to the White Buffalo Calf Pipe keeper's line. The Calf Pipe's line can go back 19 Generations to the first chief who kept the pipe.

The Smokes is 6 and 7 Generations who come from a Great Chiefs line, and the only oldest chief family.

So if there was a monarchy of the Great Teton Lakota Sioux Nation? Man Afraid of His Horses or Smoke families would be the traditional royalty of today. So that means Chief Man Afraid or Young Chief Smoke to be sitting on the theoretical Teton Lakota throne because Old Man Smoke was sort of like the “King Chief” of not only the Hunk-pa-ti-las “Oglalas” Tribe, but all of the Great Teton Lakota Sioux Nation. “Old Smoke was the statesman or spokesman of the Lakota Nation. He should be highly recognized but he isn't!”

But the Smokes have more authority because they have the (real) original head Chief name and they almost related to everyone in the Lakota Nation!

Remember I told you that the Old Smoke’s band and Bull Bear’s band didn’t communicate from 1834-1841, only bump into each other time to time, and no this is not original disagreement!

I was thinking, would if old Chief Smoke hadn’t die in 1864 and was still alive during the 1868 Treaty? Would it be totally different today??

Contact: W. Smoke

W Smoke
How is Susan Shot in eye related to Chief Smoke? I was told she was his daughter Susan Robinson but I'm not seeing he had another daughter besides Ulala.

[jenny76]

Hello, I am doing some family research and quite awhile ago I was sent a picture saying "calls her name" was my great great or my great great great grandmother. There are two different people in my family that could be her, but difficult to find out who as it is impossible to find birth records. I was told that the Indian in our family (possible calls her name) married a french canadian, but what I can find calls her name married Black Heart? It is all really confusing. I do see the last name call in my family history. My great grandmother and my grandmother were born in grey eagle, todd county, wisconsin. Does anybody know anything about the children of calls her name and black heart? and maybe the name of calls her name? It was also mentioned that the indian was a blackfoot crow indian. Calls her name looks alot like my mother. -where can i search to find this out as it is really intresting.

Thank you

[indigenousnerd]

Jan 29, 2009 4:27:52 GMT -5 W. Smoke said:

Old Man Smoke or Sóta {pronounced Sho-ta} was born in 1784 & died in 1864 nearby Fort Laramie Wyoming. He was the head Chief of a major powerful tribe, the Hunk-pa-ti-las, later on, known as the Oglalas, of the Great Teton Lakota Sioux Nation. I mean the Original Chief, but now days some people don’t know or disrespect him!

His Reign: Around 1800 to 1864.

Old Smoke was a great Horses Capturer & a great warrior in his youth, & later on, when he did a great deed for the people. The people gave him each an Eagle feather, so after awhile somebody made a headdress & a trailer for him. When Old Smoke stood, it was so long with the trail of the Eagle feathers, the trailer lay on the ground from the back of him.

Old Smoke’s height was 6’5, & his weight was at least 250 pounds.

He had 4 Lakota wives & 1 Cheyenne wife.

Old Smoke father 1 daughter & 9 sons,

Daughter: "Ulala" Spotted Horse Woman.

Sons: Red Cloud, Young Bull Bear, Old Man Afraid of His Horses, Young “Smoke”, Old American Horse, Woman Dress, No Neck, Red Feather & Brown Eyes.

The adopted sons:

Red Cloud because his parents died around 1825, & Young Bull Bear because he probably was feuding with his own family.

All of the rest of them is Chief Smoke's biological daughter & sons.

I don't know where Blue Horse, & those other guys come in has old Smoke's sons, probably they were his other adopted sons.

Old Smoke was from the Teton Si-ha-sa-pa {Black-foot} Sioux, & Teton Hunkpatila {The Camp at the End of Circle} Sioux.

His father was Old Body Parts, & his grandfather was Old Standing Buffalo of the old Teton Lakota Sioux in the late 1600's.

Old Smoke’s brothers & sisters,

Brothers: Old Bull Bear & Spotted Tail. It was said: Old Smoke adopted Spotted Tail has a brother or they were actually close related.

Sisters: Walks as She Thinks & White Cow Woman.

His Leadership was shaken in 1834 & 1841.

Because Old Bull Bear wanted to be the chief of the Hunkpatilas, So Old Smoke had to split the tribe in 2 divisions. But Bull Bear kept on feuding with Old Smoke, & threw some dust in his face, & calling him & his division: the Bad Faces {Ite-Si-ca}.

Bull Bear’s division was called: the Cut off or Bear people {Kiy-yak-sa}.

But Old Bull Bear got killed by Red Cloud in 1841.

That’s how the name: Oglalas {Scatter Their Owns} came about.

In 1851, the treaty: Old Man Afraid took up most of the responsibilities of the leadership from Old Smoke.

Because Old Smoke made him as an Honoring Shirt-wearer in the 1830’s, & he appointed Old Man Afraid a main-headmen in 1851.

But Old Man Afraid was pushed aside when Old Smoke died in 1864, & again at the Treaty of 1868 by Red Cloud, the head Agents & Major General William T. Sherman,

The body of old Chief Smoke was sent to the Smithsonian Institute after couple days of his death, but 130 years later. The remains of Chief Smoke were return to the Smoke family in 1994.

On that War-shirt of Chief Smoke, that was a gift to Col. William Collin from Old Smoke, & now it's in the Smithsonian Institute.

After Old Smoke died, his son: Young Solomon “Smoke” & his grandson: Wendell Smoke tried to keep the traditional leadership going in the Smoke family.

It died out after Wendell Smoke died in 1920, but Wendell’s great-grandson: Wendyll Smoke trying to restate it today. Maybe one day the Smokes will see the leadership returned to their family.

The Pine Ridge B.I.A. Papers says: the Smokes are 31/32 Oglala.

The Smoke family is mostly Oglala, but also from the Siha Sapa, Sicangu & Minneconju Sioux. The Old American Horse & Woman Dress Families is apart Cheyenne, & not the Smokes.

There are 9 original Smokes who are alive today, & who are the direct descendants of old Chief Smoke.

Note: I have the full Smoke family tree, but it is under-construction, because I need little bit more information on it.

Contact: W. Smoke

Hello, my name royal, and I am doing some ancestry research and I found out I am a desendent of many Chief's, plus I am also of other desendents. I am putting my family tree together, I noticed I most of the time cone to this website.

[marlis]

Aug 7, 2008 4:07:43 GMT -5 jinlian said:

A curiosity: on this webpage, it is described a shirt allegedly belonging to Chief Smoke, who is said to have given it as a present to William Collins.

anthropology.si.edu/redcloud/redcloudpage4.htm

The shirt is quite large, and the owner must have been a really big man, which fits the description of Chief Smoke, who's said to have weighed about 250 lbs. Also interesting, is the Cheyenne-style beadwork, which would confirm indirectly Chief Smoke's Cheyenne descent.

Here's a picture of this shirt:

[karezma]

I am direct descendant of Smoke through Ulala smoke.

Oct 21, 2010 9:01:39 GMT -5 W. Smoke said:

Old Man Smoke or Šóta {pronounced Sho-tah} was born in 1774 & died in 1864 nearby Fort Laramie Wyoming at the age of 89. He died from natural causes of old age. Chief Smoke was the head Chief of a major powerful & prominent tribe, the Hunk-pa-ti-la, later on, better known as the Dominant Oglalas, of the Great & Powerful Teton Lakota Sioux Nation, amongst all the other Great & Mighty Sioux Nations & other Northern American Indian Tribes. I mean the Original Head Chief, but now days some people don’t know or disrespect him!

His Reign was around 1800 to 1864; "61 or 63 years."

Chief Smoke was a great Horses Capturer & a great warrior in his youth, & later on, his status became so major & prominent. The people & the Chiefs Council of Lakotas decided to appoint him as the head chief. When Chief Smoke did a great deed for the people, the people gave him each an eagle feather, so after awhile somebody made a headdress for him. When Chief Smoke stood or walked in full headdress, there was a magnificent train of eagle feathers trailing or draging on the ground for many feet behind him. Chief Smoke’s height was 6’5, & his weight was at least 250 pounds but he was muscular & stature.

He had 4 Lakota wives & 1 Cheyenne wife; 1st Looking Cloud Woman of the Teton Minni-con-ju Sioux, 2nd Comes Out Slow Woman of the Teton Oglala Sioux, 3rd Burnt Her Woman of the Teton Si-can-gu Sioux, 4th Yellow Haired Woman of the Southern Cheyenne Tribe & 5th Brown Eyes Woman of the Teton Hunk-pa-pa Sioux.

Chief Smoke father 1 daughter & 9 sons,
Daughter: "Ulala" Smoke a.k.a. Spotted Horse Woman. Sons: H.C. Red Cloud, Chief Bull Bear III, O.H.C. Man Afraid of His Horses I, Chief Solomon “Smoke” II, Chief American Horse I, Chief Big Month, Chief Blue Horse, Woman Dress & Chief No Neck

O.H.C. means; Original Head Chief & H.C. means; Head Chief

The adopted sons:
Red Cloud because his parents died around 1825, & Bull Bear III because he was feuding with his own family. All of the rest of them were Chief Smoke's biological daughter & sons. Big Month & Blue Horse were Twin Brothers & born in the same year as their Cousin/Brother Red Cloud, 1822.

Chief Smoke was from the Teton Si-ha-Sa-pa {Black-feet} Sioux, & Teton Hunk-pa-ti-la {The Camp at the End of Circle} Sioux. Chief Smoke's father was Body Parts, & his mother was Looking Walker Woman.

Chief Spotted Tail’s father; Tangle Hair was the cousin to Chief Smoke thru Smoke’s father side, the Black-feet Sioux band & that making Spotted Tail a nephew to Chief Smoke. Spotted Tail’s daughter; Bring Water requested a wish to be buried by the old Chief Smoke when she died. In 1865 Bring Water died at the age of 18 & she was placed by her grandfather Chief Smoke’s scaffold. She got her final wish.

Chief Smoke’s sisters;
White Cow Woman & Walks as She Thinks.

White Cow Woman had 2 sons; Chief Lone “One” Horn & Chief Black Bull II with Black Buffalo.

Note: Black Bull took his brother’s name Lone Horn after he got killed in 1835 & Black Bull adopted his brother’s son; Spotted Elk a.k.a. “Big Foot” as his own son.

Walks as She Thinks, had 1 son; Chief Red Cloud with Chief Lone Man.

Chief Smoke's Leadership was shaken in 1834 & 1841.
Because his close cousin old Bull Bear wanted to be the dominant chief of the Hunk-pa-ti-la, so Chief Smoke had to split the tribe in two divisions. But Bull Bear kept on feuding with Chief Smoke, & threw some dust in his face, & calling him & his division: the Bad Faces {It-Shi-ca}. Bull Bear’s division was called: the Cut off or Bear people {Kiy-ya-ksa}. But old Bull Bear got killed by Red Cloud in 1841. That’s how we became known as the popular name; Oglalas {Scatter Their Owns}.

In 1851, the treaty: Man Afraid I, took up most of the responsibilities of the leadership from Chief Smoke. Because Chief Smoke made him as an Honoring Shirt-wearer in the 1830’s, & made him the next chief to lead the people. He appointed Man Afraid I a main-head man in 1851. But Man Afraid I, was pushed aside when Chief Smoke died in 1864, & again at the Treaty of 1868 by Red Cloud, the head Agents & Major General William Tecumseh Sherman of the U.S. Government.

The body of Chief Smoke was removed & sent to the Smithsonian Institute after couple days of his death by an Army Surgeon stationed at Fort Laramie, but 130 years later. The remains of Chief Smoke were return to the Smoke family in 1994, they buried him by the town of Porcupine, South Dakota. On that War-shirt of Chief Smoke, that was a gift to Col. William Collin from Chief Smoke, & now it's in the Smithsonian Institute.

After Chief Smoke died, his 4th son: Chief Solomon “Smoke” II & his grandson: Chief Wendell Smoke try to keep the traditional leadership going in the Smoke family. It died out after Wendell Smoke died in 1920, but Wendell’s direct great-grandson: Wendyll Smoke is trying to restate it today. Maybe one day the Smokes will see the leadership returned to their family. In 1915 Wendell Smoke had his only son; Melvin “Emil” Smoke. Sadly Emil died in 1967, but he has 3 children Vi-na, Edward & Benjamin Smoke who are alive today. Emil has 5 grandchildren carry the Smoke name; Oleaupi, Wendyll, Gwendyllyn, Šótah C., BJ Smoke & 1 great-grandson Zhaine Smoke. There were 2 daughters of Emil but the 2nd daughter died in 2002 & her named was Bertha Smoke; 44. Emil has 12 grandchildren & many great-grandchildren. But only 1 carry the Smoke name & that is Zhaine! Emil never succeeded to the position of the traditional chief & his sons; Edward & Ben don’t want it. Old Man Smoke; 89 {1774-1864}, “Smoke” II; 60 {1835-1895}, Wendell Smoke; 44 {1876-1920}, Emil Smoke; 52 {1915-1967}.

The Smoke family was the most prominent & dominant family amongst the Lakotas during the 18th & 19th centuries.

The Pine Ridge B.I.A. Papers says: the Smokes are 31/32 Oglala. The Smoke family is mostly Oglala, but also from the Si-ha-Sa-pa, Si-can-gu & Minni-con-ju Lakota Sioux. The American Horse I & Woman Dress Families is apart Cheyenne, & not the Smokes.

There are 9 original Smokes who are alive today, & who are the direct descendants of the old Chief Smoke. The oldest to the youngest; Vi-na Conroy Smoke, Edward Smoke, Benjamin Smoke & Oleaupi Good Lance Smoke, Wendyll Smoke, Gwendyllyn Smoke, & Šótah Conroy, Benny Smoke Jr. & Zhaine Smoke.

The founder & writer of Indian Country Today, Tim Giago said; "If there was so called a throne among the Lakota or Sioux people today. The Red Cloud family would be the royal family & Chief Oliver Red Cloud would be sitting on the Lakota Sioux throne." But one of the old Chief Smoke's direct grandsons, Wendyll Smoke says different; if you trace the history back, you would see there are two old original lines that came out of the old Chief Smoke; the Man Afraid & Smoke families, who are the rightful royal heirs, if you put it in that fact. So it is possibility that Chief Man Afraid I's direct great great grandson, Ed Afraid of His Horses or Chief Solomon “Smoke” II's direct great great grandson, Wendyll Smoke would be sitting on the Teton Lakota Sioux throne of today!

Contact: W. Smoke

These Sources are true & confirmed by Wendyll Smoke & Vi-na Conroy Smoke

[nokomis]

Hi I am inquiring about Jennie wife of John Nelson. She was also married to man Mr Drips. They had a daughter Jennie Drips who married Lapointe. This is his mothers line ( His grandmother was Jennie Lapointe who married perry decory. So if anyone has some info I would greatly appreciate it.if Jenny Drips grandfather was old Smoke then who was her grandmother?

[vleigh]

Does anyone have any direct relation information about Chief Old Smokes Daughter? Did he really only have one? I am searching my DNA matches as I am trying to confirm the mother of my 3x great grandmother Henrietta Fielder... Possibly Alice TIbbits AKA Sophie walks with White Cow or Walks with Cow. Some have her listed as Kate Good Hearted Woman. Anyone got any leads for me?

[swolley]

Have you confirmed this about Susie Robinson? She is my 4th Great Grandmother.

[1940utch]

In past posts on Chief Smoke and Chief Red Cloud, it was stated that Red Cloud's mother, Walks As She Thinks, was a sister of Chief Smoke. My sister, Karen, and I have done extensive research on our family genealogy. Karen, now deceased, did extensive digging on our family connection to Chief Crow Feather #1 of the Itazipco or Sans Arc Lakota. Now 82, I have been digging through my papers. I found some documents she gave me on Crow Feather which I thought might throw further light on Red Cloud's mother. Our connection to Crow Feather #1 goes from our father, Frank Ducheneaux, to his father, Henry Ducheneaux. Then to his grandmother Sophie LeCompte Ducheneaux and, then, to his great grandmother, Lillian (Eulalie) LeClaire Lecompte. Lillian's mother was Iron Cedar Woman or Winula, the daughter of Crow Feather. The documents, excerpts of which I shall share, relate to one Peter Livermont, the son of Lillian's sister, Julie.
In 1906-7, Livermont was trying to prove his right to an allotment and other rights on the Pine Ridge reservation against opposition from the local Indian agent who had held that Peter had already been allotted on the Ponca Nemaha reservation. He solicited sworn testimony to prove his connection to the Oglala and Pine Ridge. On January 31, 1906, Chief Red Cloud gave sworn testimony before a Notary Public at the Pine Ridge agency with Jack Red Cloud and John Kills Above as witnesses.
Red Cloud began: "My Uncle was Crow Feather, No. 1. He was a great Chief of the Bow Sioux in his days. He and his band of Sioux belonged to the Cheyenne River Country. These Oglalas of the so called Red Cloud Sioux area a branch of the Bow Siouxs. My mother was a sister of my Uncle Crow Feather, No. 1. My uncle had several sons and daughters, who were my cousins. One of my cousins named, Her Many Pipes, or was better known by her nick name, Winula, was married to a white man called by the Sioux, Long White Man, or Chancellor.
He then gives more detail about the connection of Livermont, his cousin's grandson, with the Oglala. He notes that, in 1889, "By Sioux title of relationship, Shot-in-the-eye and I, proved him in has my Grand-son."
As noted, Red Cloud states that "My mother was a sister of my Uncle Crow Feather, No. 1.". If that is true, then Walks As She Thinks, who all seem to agree is the name of Red Cloud's mother, was not a sister of Chief Smoke. In my next post on this matter, I will give excerpts from the sworn testimony of Shot in the Eye on the wives of Crow Feather. I would be interested in comments.

[1940utch]

In my last post on this thread, I quoted the sworn testimony of Chief Red Cloud, in the allotment case of Peter Livermont, that his mother was the sister of Chief Crow Feather #1 of the Itazipco. This would mean, of course, that she was not the sister of Smoke. The testimony of other witnesses in the Livermont case, really does not bear on this question. However, in my sister's papers was Xerox pages from the book, "Red Cloud - The Warrior Years" by Robert W. Larson. At the top of one page is this quote: "Red Cloud's father was Lone Man, probably a Brule. His mother was Walks As She Thinks, a member of the large wandering band of northern Lakota known as the Saones, many of whom later became Oglala." Unfortunately, the rest was cut off, but the words "Walks As" can be seen.
More germanely, on another page is the following quote: "Their leader, Smoke, felt close enough to Walks As She Thinks to regard her as a sister. . . Tragically, Lone Man, also known as Red Cloud, grew too fond of trade whiskey and died of alcoholism when Red Cloud was only five, compelling Red Cloud's mother to bring him and his brother and sister to live in Smoke's band." The clear implication of these passages, taken together with Red Cloud's own sworn testimony in the Livermont case, is that Walks As She Thinks was not the sister of Smoke, but that there was some other connection between Smoke and Walks As She Thinks that he came "to regard her as a sister". I would welcome any comment on this matter.

[debstar76]

Ulala Smoke or aka Sun Gleska win, Spotted Horse Woman,was my 2nd Great Grandmother, known as one of Chief Smoke/Shota oldest daughter. She was the Niece of White Cow Woman, wife of Black Buffalo, and mother of Rattling Blanket, who was the mother of Crazy Horse, anyway, so many ancestors to remember, who need to be remembered. Chief Smoke was my 3rd Great Grandfather. This is the right place to come to to figure out how we are all related to one another. I learned so much from others here, about my ancestors. read on and learn. it's already been written down here..you just have to read and do your research, from wonderful researchers here..

[amongthestars]

Hello,
So my ancestors was named Samuel Kills The Enemy and I believe he was born to a Chief White Cow Eagle of the two kettles and a woman named Lays On The Ground.
So far I've found my way to a family named lays bad. And as far as I can tell they hail Chief No Neck. Now I was raised being told by the American Horse's that they are my grandpa's. I learned that No Neck qnd American Horse are brother. I'm looking for a possible daughter of no neck who named her two sons Samuel Kills The Enemy and the other One Crow. Also this name Lays on the ground,I read it comes from the Ponca.

[amongthestars]

Also any info on white cow woman. When and where she was stolen from. What family or tribe. How and why?

[Steve White-Provost Oizumi]

Apr 27, 2015 11:32:26 GMT -5 chadron said:

I am looking for more information/corrections anything on some of my family history. I will post my grandparents and some of the information I have gathered. My great great grandparents were Peter Shangreau and Lucy Janis. Peter Shangreau's parents were Jules Shangreau and an Oglala named Mary Smoke, maybe Breathwind, need help. He had a brother Louis and according to Thomas Power's book The Killing of Crazy Horse, was the son of Jules Shangreau and an Oglala woman related to Red Cloud. Jules had another son John Shangreaux. Mary Langfald, curator of collections at the Wyoming State Museum in Cheyenne, says in a Billings newspaper about the Shangreaux collection at the museum, "According to information Langfald provided, Shangreaux was born at Fort Laramie in the 1850s to Mary Smoke, daughter of the Oglala Sioux chief Old Smoke." If Wendyll is still around, I'm sure he will not agree. Any help is greatly appreciated.

Lucy Janises parents were Joseph Antoine Janis and First Elk Woman, maybe Featherman..The June Rise: The Apocryphal Letters of Joseph Antoine Janis by William Trembley is historical fiction but it is a good read and seems to be well researched. The account of John Richard jr killing Yellow Bear is in there, as Janises son Peter is supposedly the one egging John jr on. Anyways this book mentions Antoine marrying First Elk Woman, daughter of Old Smoke. Also says she was Swift Hawks brother, who was Old Smokes eldest son. Again this book is historical fiction and I have no idea how accurate it is with the family. According to Dr. James Hanson, of the Museum of the Fur Trade, wrote an article The Black Hills Fur Traders, appearing in a Fall/Winter 2007 Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly, says "There were two Missouri French Brothers. Nicholas and Antoine Janis. Antoine was known to the Sioux as "Yellow Hair all Mussed Up" and was married to a sister of Red Cloud. Nicholas was known as "Long White Man" and married Red Cloud's niece. I don't have much oral family history to go on so have been using google, ancestry.com, this site, and books to try and get my try together and find the wives my fur trading grandpas had.

My other grandparents were William Allman and Louisa Richard. Louisa's parents I have as Joseph L. Richard and Julia Fast Whirlwind. I believe Joseph L. Richard is the one that is known as Louis Richard in literature and sources, but again not sure. I believe he is the son of John Richard Sr. Brother John jr the one who killed Yellow Bear. Spelled like it sounds sometimes too, Reshaw. Anyways I have found that John Baptiste Richard married a Mary Gardiner, daughter of William Gardiner and White Thunder Woman. "Many whites in the Fort Laramie region were married to Sioux, but Richard's connections among the Oglala were unusually deep. The mother of the clan was Richard's wife Mary Gardiner, born in 1827, the mixed-blood daughter of the white trader William Gardiner and the Oglala White Thunder Woman. Mary Richard was already the mother of two sons who later became noted men among the Oglala--Rocky Bear, who took his father's name, and Black Tiger. White Thunder Woman was a sister of the Oglala chief Smoke, and of Walks as She Thinks, the mother of Red Cloud, which meant that her daughter Mary was connected by blood or marriage to half of the leading men of the Northern Oglala--a network of uncles, brothers , cousins, and nephews who all fought the whites in the Bozeman War."(The Killing of Crazy Horse, Powers, p.46)

Anyways, just seeing what other information and thoughts are out there. I am fascinated by my family history as it is unique and interesting. Also some dark parts, as they were involved in the Yellow Bear incident. "Richard planned to stop off first at the fort with some friends--Louise Shangreau and Pete Janis, the son and nephew, respectively, of two-longtime Laramie-region traders, Antoine Janis and his brother Nicholas, both "Missouri Frenchmen" from St. Charles. Richard, Shangreau, and Janis all were in their twenties, all had Oglala mothers, and all were armed on this day."(Powers,p.48.) Just seeing what thoughts are on their mothers relations.

Thank you,
Rusty Zephier

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[Steve White-Provost Oizumi]

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