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Red Dog
Nov 30, 2015 6:13:40 GMT -5
Post by ephriam on Nov 30, 2015 6:13:40 GMT -5
Interesting about Fills the Pipe's mention of Red Dog bringing a Sioux captive back with him. I know the director of the Crawford Museum; I will give him a call and see if he knows anything about the photograph. It is curious to note that the first newspaper accounts of Red Dog's mission never mention a daughter accompanying him but the later newspaper accounts as he is returning down the Missouri River do mention her. Makes you wonder if in fact this is the captive that William referred to. Did Red Dog help protect her by adopting her into his family? Would be interesting to know more about her story.
We also have a few hints of Red Dog's early years as a warrior from some ledger art illustrating Red Dog's exploits from the Garrick Mallery Collection at the Smithsonian, drawn by two different artists. One drawing shows Red Dog being struck with a bow and a spear, and wounded in the side when two arrows penetrated his shield, when attacked by the Gros Ventres [Hidatsa] in 1835. Another shows him fighting a Pawnee during which he (Red Dog) was shot with an arrow in the abdomen dated to 1838. The next drawing shows Red Dog capturing seven horses from the Pawnee in 1839, during which he was wounded by an arrow in the leg. And there is one of Red Dog attacking a Mandan village at night, when "he shot through three tents and killed four Indians in 1843." Finally, there is a drawing of him killing a Crow man and woman in 1854. This set of drawings also includes one of Black Crow striking a Pawnee on the head with a sabre in 1858 (Is there a connection between Black Crow and Red Dog?)
When you add his performance of the Sun Dance, Red Dog's body must have bore many scars from his life as a warrior prior to becoming a Lakota ambassador!
ephriam
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Red Dog
Nov 29, 2015 18:06:34 GMT -5
Post by ephriam on Nov 29, 2015 18:06:34 GMT -5
In the montage, they are: Top row, L to R: Spotted Tail, Two Strike, Roman Nose Middle: Touch the Clouds, Black Crow, unidentified Bottom: Spotted Tail's daughters, Dove Eye, and "Sioux Dancer"
Yes, D. S. Mitchell "stole" several of Hamilton's photographs and reprinted them as part of his series.
ephriam
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Post by ephriam on Nov 29, 2015 17:07:06 GMT -5
Dietmar: Great image of Red Dog's daughter. I have not seen this one before. However, it is not from 1872. This was taken in 1877 at the Spotted Tail Agency. Compare the background and set up from your photograph to the montage below of other known portraits that Hamilton took at the Spotted Tail Agency in 1877.
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Red Dog
Nov 29, 2015 13:10:01 GMT -5
Post by ephriam on Nov 29, 2015 13:10:01 GMT -5
Dietmar: This is an issue of chronology and geography -- Hamilton would not have had the opportunity to photograph either the Oglala or the Brule delegations in 1872. The Oglala delegation headed out first, departing Pine Bluffs, Wyoming, on May 17, 1872. (Pine Bluffs is a station on the Union Pacific line east of Cheyenne and due south of the sod Red Cloud Agency.) They traveled east on the train through Omaha and reached Washington, D.C. on May 22. After their time in Washington, they went to New York City, and then returned to Omaha to take the train west, again disembarking at Pine Bluffs on June 17, 1872. At no time on this trip did Red Cloud and his group go up the Missouri River, so they would never have been near Sioux City to have been photographed. Instead of being in Washington, D.C. at the same time as they had done in 1870 (creating some conflict), the Brule delegation went to the capital separately this time, waiting until after the Oglala had returned. This time, they did not travel down the Missouri as they had before; instead, they came in to Fort Laramie where Col. John E. Smith joined them on their trip. They arrived in Cheyenne on July 16; passed through Omaha on the following day; and arrived in Washington D.C. on July 22. After D.C., they traveled to Philadelphia, New York City and finally St. Louis before returning. I do not have details about their trip home but presumably they traveled the same way to Cheyenne, again, not passing through Sioux City where they could have been photographed. Meanwhile at the same time as the Brule delegation, Agent Daniels, Red Dog and the others headed to Fort Peck for the treaty negotiations. They departed Cheyenne on July 10, heading west on the railroad to Corinne, Utah, and then headed north by stage or wagon to Helena and Fort Benton; then downriver by steamer to Fort Peck. After the council, instead of returning by the way they came, the Oglala group headed downriver on the steamer SIOUX CITY. They arrived in the town of Sioux City on Aug. 26. The local paper noted that the group included Dr. Daniels (the agent), Joseph Bissonette (interpreter), Red Dog and his daughter. However, there was no mention of Long Wolf or Wolf Ears, suggesting that perhaps they had separated for some reason and were traveling a different manner. Presumably Red Dog was photographed by Hamilton either Aug. 26 or the morning of Aug. 27. After that, he departed Sioux City and eventually returned to the Red Cloud Agency, presumably taking the train to Pine Bluffs again. The third Sioux delegation to D.C. was the upper Missouri tribes, from Grand River (later Standing Rock) and the Fort Peck/Milk River Agency. They were to originally have come down on the steamer named SIOUX CITY with Red Dog, however, the group was still waiting for several individuals to join the delegation, in particular from the non-treaty Hunkpapa. So this delegation departed later than Red Dog, embarking on the steamer ESPERANZA and arriving in Sioux City on the afternoon of Sept. 9, two weeks after Red Dog had already left. The delegation left early the next afternoon for D.C.. According to a note in the Sioux City Journal, Hamilton photographed this delegation that morning before their departure "and this was something of a new experience." They returned home in October. So based on this, we can say: - The Oglala delegation, including Red Dog, was photographed in D.C. in May 1872.
- Red Dog was probably photographed in Salt Lake City by Charles W. Carter on about July 11-12, 1872.
- The Brule delegation including Spotted Tail was photographed in D.C. in late July 1872.
- Red Dog was photographed in Sioux City by James H. Hamilton on Aug. 26 or Aug. 27, 1872.
- The Upper Missouri delegation was photographed in Sioux City by Hamilton on the morning of Sept. 10, 1872.
- The Upper Missouri delegation was photographed in Washington D.C. in late Sept. or early Oct., 1872.
Does that seem like a reasonable reconstruction? So based on this, I would expect to find a portrait of Red Dog's daughter by Hamilton, but no other Oglala or Brule portraits. Cheers, ephriam
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Post by ephriam on Nov 29, 2015 9:59:25 GMT -5
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Red Dog
Nov 29, 2015 9:24:18 GMT -5
Post by ephriam on Nov 29, 2015 9:24:18 GMT -5
Dietmar: You are correct. This second portrait of Red Dog was taken by Hamilton or one of his partners, not by Gurnsey. Hamilton bought out Gurnsey's negatives and continued to reprint them with his own imprint. However, in this case, Gurnsey had sold out in late 1871 and had moved to Colorado. The backdrop confirms this was in Hamilton's studio.
Regarding the missing log, I think it is important to remember that while both the delegation photographs and the Red Dog portrait were all taken in 1872, they were not taken at the same time. Presumably this portrait of Red Dog was taken in late August 1872 when he arrived in Sioux City. I will have to dig through my notes but I think the delegation passed through Sioux City two months earlier. That might explain why the log and branches are not precisely the same.
ephriam
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Post by ephriam on Nov 29, 2015 9:01:10 GMT -5
A couple of years ago, Graham posted this image from the New York Public Library (Dennis Collection). Several folks recognized various Arikara and Mandan leaders -- including Rushing Bear, Crow Breast, and others, and speculated that there were also Yanktonai present. Graham speculated that the photograph was taken in the late 1860s or early 1870s. Dietmar wondered if the photograph might have been taken by Stanley J. Morrow. If you look in the background, you can establish where the photograph was taken and thereby narrow the time frame to the early 1870s. Notice the businesses -- all of which operated in Bismarck in the early 1870s including John Eegen's City Bakery, Thomas McGowan's Dakota House, and Marshall & Campbell's shoe store. This tells us that this photograph was taken on Front Street in Bismarck. While Morrow is a candidate for the photographer, could also be an early image by Goff who was operating in Bismarck during this time frame. I wonder if we can identify some other leaders in this image and perhaps narrow down when it was taken even further. I wondered if the man in the fur turban was Red Dog, though there are other images of Lakota and Yanktonai leaders in similar headgear. (If it was Red Dog, that would date the photograph to August 1872). A small delegation went to Indian Territory in 1874 and a large delegation from Fort Berthold passed through Bismarck in June 1875 to sign a peace treaty with the Lakota from Standing Rock. A small delegation went to Washington, D.C. in 1875. What does everyone think?
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Red Dog
Nov 28, 2015 19:58:15 GMT -5
Post by ephriam on Nov 28, 2015 19:58:15 GMT -5
Thank you, Kingsley. This is great information. Red Dog certainly deserves more attention. He is a fascinating individual! I have been rethinking my earlier comment about the photograph below of Red Dog, preserved in the negative collection of the noted Salt Lake City photographer Charles W. Carter. I originally suspected that this was a copy of someone else's work, but now I am starting to think Carter may have actually taken the image himself. The base of the stand in the background appears to be the same as that in other Carter portraits and there are no photograph edges that are readily apparent in other copy images he made. So that raises the question: when could Red Dog and Carter have crossed paths? As pointed out above, his attire is very similar to what he wore for the delegation visits to Washington, D.C. in 1872. I now think that this image is from shortly after the 1872 delegation trip. Shortly after returning from Washington, D.C., the agent at the Red Cloud Agency, Dr. J. W. Daniels, received a telegram to travel to the Fort Peck Agency with three Oglala to assist with the treaty discussions over the expansion of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Red Dog accompanied Daniels on this trip. They arrived in Cheyenne on July 10, 1872, and then headed west on the Union Pacific Railroad to Corinne, Utah, then north to Fort Benton and down river to the Fort Peck Agency. I suspect that Daniels and his party may have spent a day or so in Salt Lake City, during which Carter could have taken this photograph. Also accompanying Red Dog on this trip was High Wolf and a young warrior named Wolf Ears. I am going back through the Carter negatives to see if there are other unidentified Lakota portraits that have been missed. Daniels and his delegation returned in August, coming down the Missouri River aboard the steamer "Sioux City," planning to pick up the Union Pacific at Omaha to go back to Cheyenne. While stopping in Sioux City, I suspect that the second image (the stereo below) was taken, probably by Byron Gurnsey. They arrived back at the Red Cloud Agency in late August or early September. On Sept. 4, Red Dog gave a speech about his experience at Fort Peck. Hopefully this provides some context for both of these historic images!
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Post by ephriam on Nov 2, 2015 7:51:44 GMT -5
Yes, this is by Hutton as well. There are three known surviving images taken by Hutton on the steamer between the Yankton camp and Fort Pierre in June 1859.
ephriam
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Post by ephriam on Oct 31, 2015 17:53:44 GMT -5
Another great source on Charles W. Allen is his autobiography: Richard E. Jensen (ed.) From Fort Laramie to Wounded Knee: In the West That Was (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997).
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Post by ephriam on Oct 31, 2015 13:13:14 GMT -5
This portrait of Smutty Bear posted above is not by Fitzgibbon. The image was produced by James D. Hutton aboard a steamboat in early June 1859. A lithograph from this image was published in Hayden's report on the ethnography of the upper Missouri. In early June, 1859, two American Fur Company steamboats, the Spread Eagle and the Chippewa, stopped briefly at the Yankton camp. On board was Capt. William Raynolds and his survey crew, including photographer James D. Hutton. “Above Sioux City we found the Yancton Sioux at their old camping ground under their chief, Smutty Bear. Upon our arrival they visited the steamers in full costume, and received the usual feast of coffee and hard bread. This is the band that recently sold their lands and are now concentrated upon a reservation and commencing to learn the arts of civilization. Their agent not being with us, we only exchanged friendly greetings, and after a brief halt resumed our progress up the river.” ephriam
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Post by ephriam on May 27, 2015 8:13:56 GMT -5
Yes, I think this photograph of the Post Trader's store was taken by Private Howard. It has been published a number of times now, generally without any reference to the photographer. I am traveling and do not have my research files with me, but as I recall, the original image does not have Howard's marking on it, but I think it is listed in Howard's catalog of views. There were a number of photographers at the Red Cloud Agency/Camp Robinson in 1877 so it is possible that it was taken by someone else. Until a second example of this image turns up with markings, we cannot know with certainty.
The Denver Public Library also has an earlier photograph of the Post Trader's store, taken circa. 1875. There was a photographer named Mr. Thomas who came to Camp Robinson at the time of the treaty council. Would love to find more out about him.
The Library also has a number of other Howard images, including one of Crow Butte. The Huntington Library has recently also put up its collection of Howard images as well.
Cheers! ephriam
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Post by ephriam on Apr 1, 2015 5:36:56 GMT -5
And here is another view of Like a Fishhook village, this one by Orlando S. Goff, perhaps taken in the late 1870s or early 1880s.
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Post by ephriam on Mar 28, 2015 7:47:55 GMT -5
By this time, the fort was being used by the Army, so I suspect whatever they are must be something being used by soldiers. At first I thought they might be headboards for iron bedsteads bundled together, but these are not the right pattern for this period.
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Post by ephriam on Mar 28, 2015 7:31:03 GMT -5
And here is a similar view of the interior of Fort Berthold by William H. Illingworth, probably July 1866. Original at the New York Public Library. Notice the soldiers sitting outside what was probably the Quartermaster's Office. To the right are a pile of heating stoves and a cooking range; to the left can be seen some of the cooking range tops. Can't decipher what the bundle is in the background however.
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