Crazy Horse and relatives

[hreinn]

Here is a little bit more about the Mnikhowozu Big Woman (Older Big Woman = Big Woman 1).

The Oglala Creighton Yankton said in an interview in 1906 about the Wounded Knee Massacre:

"He [Creighton Yankton] had an aunt that was wounded eight times.
Her name was Big Woman; this was a name of quality as well as of capacity; for she was and is (for she is living) a big woman."

[The Indian Interviews of Eli S. Ricker, 1903-1919, Voices of the West, Volume 1, edited by R.E. Jensen (2005), page 247.]

I don't know any details about Creighton Yankton.
But it would be interesting to know his family background to see how exactly he was related to Big Woman.
To better understand the family network.

Hreinn

[ladonna]

Yankton1,2,3,4,5,6 (M)
(1837 - ), #37068
The nationality of Yankton was Siksicela Itazipaco Lakota Sioux.1 Also known as Wiciyela.1,3,2,5,6 Yankton was born in 1837.2,3,5,6 Another source states that his was also listed with a birthdate in 1841.1 And yet another source states that his was also listed with a birthdate in 1846.4 He married Hides With No Hair circa 1871.4 He married Lives Alone circa 1871.1,2,3,5,6 (?) was listed as the "Head of the Household" on the US Indian Census Rolls at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, USA, in 1886.4 was listed as the "Head of the Household" on the US Indian Census Rolls at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Shannon Co., South Dakota, USA, on July 1, 1890.1 was listed as the "Head of the Household" on the US Indian Census Rolls at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Wounded Knee District, Shannon Co., South Dakota ., USA, on July 1, 1892.2 was listed as the "Head of the Household" on the US Indian Census Rolls at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Wounded Knee District, Shannon Co., South Dakota ., USA, on July 1, 1894.3 was listed as the "Head of the Household" on the US Indian Census Rolls at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Wounded Knee District, Shannon Co., South Dakota ., USA, on June 30, 1895.5 was listed as the "Head of the Household" on the US Indian Census Rolls at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Wounded Knee District, Shannon Co., South Dakota ., USA, on June 30, 1896.6

Children of Yankton and Lives Alone
Craven Yankton b. 18722
Casper Yankton b. 18751,2
Albert Yankton b. 18802,3,5,6
Unknown Yankton b. Jun, 18901

Creighton Yankton1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (M)
(1872 - 1918), #11114
The nationality of Creighton Yankton was Siksicela Itazipaco Lakota Sioux. Creighton was born in 1872.1,2,5,6,7 He was the son of Yankton and Hides With No Hair.1,5,6 He was listed as "son" and residing in the home of Yankton on the U.S. Indian Census Rolls taken in 1886 at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, USA.1 He was listed as "son" and residing in the home of Yankton on the U.S. Indian Census Rolls taken on July 1, 1894 at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Wounded Knee District, Shannon Co., South Dakota ., USA.5 Creighton Yankton married Jennie One Feather, daughter of Moses One Feather and Jessie Red Iron, circa 1895.2,7 He was listed as "son" and residing in the home of Yankton on the U.S. Indian Census Rolls taken on June 30, 1895 at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Wounded Knee District, Shannon Co., South Dakota ., USA.6 Creighton was listed as the "Head of the Household" on the US Indian Census Rolls at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Wounded Knee District, Shannon Co., South Dakota, USA, on June 30, 1896.7 Creighton was listed as the "Head of the Household" on the US Indian Census Rolls at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Porcupine District, Shannon Co., South Dakota, USA, on June 30, 1904.2 His was allotted land on March 31, 1906 at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Shannon Co., South Dakota ., USA,
; NAME MERIDIAN TWP RANGE SECTION ACREAGE TYPE CASETYPE DOCID DATE
YANKTON CREIGHTON 06 036N 043W 008 640 253400 PA IA 125 03/31/1906
YANKTON CREIGHTON 06 036N 043W 008 640 253400 PA IA 125 05/01/1961
YANKTON CREIGHTON 06 036N 043W 008 640 253400 PA IA 125 02/25/1958.4 Creighton died in 1918.3 His body was interred on November 12, 1918 at Wounded Knee, Shannon Co., South Dakota, USA, at Messiah Episcopal Cemetery.3

[hreinn]

We need to talk !

According to a letter from Victoria Conroy, Worm (Crazy Horse 2) had 1 biological sister [1, 2].
But now we have several names for a possible sister to Worm.

We have:
1. Tunkanawin (One Horse's wife) [1, 2]
2. Rattle Stone Woman (One Horse's wife) [2, 3]
3. Big Woman (One Horse's wife) [4]
4. Big Woman (Human Finger's wife) [5]
5. Big Woman (Owl Bull's wife) [6, 7]
6. Na ke hi hi na in (Owl Bull's wife) [6, 7]
7. Pretty Feather Woman (Long Whirlwind's wife) [8]

How do we tackle that ?
Is this the same person with different names ?
If not, were they all biological sisters to Worm ? Or none of them ?


Victoria Conroy gave 2 names for Worm's sister [1, 2].
a) "Tunkanawin"
b) "marriage name was One Horse"

In his book from 1985, Richard Hardorff used only the name Big Woman for Worm´s sister [3].
In his book from 1998/2001, Richard Hardorff did not any longer use the name Big Woman, but instead used only the name Rattle Stone Woman for Worm's sister [4].
In their books, both Kingsley Bray and Mike Sajna used only the name Big Woman for Worm's sister [5, 9].
In the original post of this thread it was assumed that Tunkanawin, Rattle Stone Woman, Mrs. One Horse and Big Woman to be different names for the same person [10]. Which could be wrong.
And therefore One Horse is not necessarily also known as Human Finger, as mentioned in the original post [10].


Tunkanawin

Richard Hardorff translated the Lakhota name Tunkanawin in Victoria Conroy's letter as Rattle Stone Woman [3].
But as explained in a separate post below in reply #48, correct translation is Stone Woman.
As also described in reply #48, Tunkanawin does not seem to be the Lakhota version of the name Big Woman nor Pretty Feather Woman.


Big Woman

The sources we have about Mnikhowozu Lakhota Big Woman (who survived the Wounded Knee Massacre) as a sister to Worm:
1. The Lakhota Creighton Yankton in reply #45
2. ftpeckpabaksa in reply #32
3. The Lakhota Curley Youpee [7]

I find it convincingly explained in reply #33, how the Mnikhowozu Big Woman (Owl Bull's wife) was actually a "sister-in-law" to Worm but not a biological sister.
But of course every Lakhota would have stated she was Worm's sister
Because that is what she was according to Lakhota kinship terminology.
Therefore it is no wonder we have several different sources which identifies Big Woman as a sister to Worm.

A small possible complicating factor is that there were 2 Mnikhowozu Big Woman, the younger the daughter of the older [6, 7].
The older Big Woman (Owl Bull's wife) seems to be related to Worm in 2 ways.
That is through Corn's Man's daughters and perhaps also through Rattle Blanket Woman, as discussed in reply #33.
Which would explain Kingsley Bray's information that Big Woman shared Worm's tipi during unspecified time [5 (pages 263-264)].
But according to Kingsley Bray [5] that Big Woman was Human Finger's wife (not Owl Bull's wife).
Was Human Finger the same person as Owl Bull ?
What is the source for Big Woman (Human Finger's wife) being Worm's sister ?

To be open for all possibilities, there could have been both an Oglála Big Woman and Mnikhowozu Big Woman.

Perhaps Richard Hardorff gave up his use of Big Woman as a name for Worm's sister because of some additional knowledge.
Perhaps because he came to the same conclusion as in reply #48, that Tunkanawin does not mean Big Woman but instead Stone Woman.
Because at first sight Tunkanawin could be referring to tháŋka instead of tĥuŋkáŋ (see reply #48).

Can we relate Big Woman to Stone Woman (Tunkanawin) ?


Nake hihi na in

It is possible that the Lakhota version of the name Big Woman is Nake hihi na in (Na ke hi hi na in) as suggested in reply #35.


Pretty Feather Woman

The sources we have about the Oglála Lakhota Pretty Feather Woman (Eagle Elk's mother) as a sister to Worm:
1. indirect hint from the Oglála Lakhota Eagle Elk in Neihardt interview [11] as discussed in reply #23.
2. LaDeane Miller in reply #25 and in his book on a CD [8]

Perhaps there is a link between Pretty Feather Woman and Big Woman, through Creighton Yankton.
Because Creighton Yankton said in an interview with Eli S. Ricker, that Big Woman who survived the Wounded Knee Massacre was his aunt [12].
Pretty Feather Woman (Eagle Elk's mother) "was of Yankton stock" wrote Hardorff [11].
Perhaps Hardorff was aware of some connection between Pretty Feather Woman and Creighton Yankton, which perhaps influenced Hardorff to state that Pretty Feather was of "Yankton stock".
Yankton belonged to Siksicela Itazipaco (Sans Arc) Lakhota, according to information from LaDonna in reply #46.
According to Ricker, Creighton Yankton was an Oglála Lakhota [12]
That would mean that it is a wrong assumption that Pretty Feather Woman was a Yankton Dakota female.

Another Itazipaco (Sans Arc) Lakhota connection to Pretty Feather Woman, is the Itazipaco (Sans Arc) Lakhota wife of Eagle Elk who he married in 1871 [13].
So perhaps Creighton Yankton was related to Eagle Elk's Itazipaco Lakhota wife ?
With the results that Big Woman was not biological relative to Creighton Yankton, but instead an aunt in the wide Lakhota kinship terminology.
It would be good to know the name and family background of this Itazipaco (Sans Arc) woman - Eagle Elk's wife.
Then we could perhaps see a possible connection between Eagle Elk's wife (Itazipaco Lakhota) - Creighton Yankton (Itazipaco Lakhota) - Big Woman (Mnikhowozu Lakhota) - Pretty Feather Woman.


Thoughts and questions which arise:
1. Is it possible to relate Tunkanawin = Stone Woman, who Victoria Conroy wrote about, to Big Woman or Pretty Feather Woman ?
2. It would be good to see family and band background for One Horse, Human Finger and Owl Bull ?
3. Was Human Finger the same person as Owl Bull and/or One Horse ?
4. What is the source for the couple Big Woman and Human Finger and she being Worm's sister ?
5. Was there Oglála Big Woman as well as Mnikhowozu Big Woman ?
6. What is the source that Pretty Feather Woman was Makes the Song's daughter ? And therefore Worm's sister.
7. Is it perhaps based on interpretation of Neihardt's interview ? Or is there a written or oral Lakhota source for it ?
8. It would be good to see name and family background of the Itazipaco (Sans Arc) woman who Eagle Elk married in 1871
9. It would be interesting to know if and how Big Woman (Owl Bull's wife) and her sons (Dog Skin Necklace, Black Coyote, Looking Thunder, Long Horn) were related to Big Foot, Lone Horn, Hump and Rattling Blanket Woman (as discussed in reply #33)


Hopefully we can figure this out together.


Hreinn


References:
1. Richard G. Hardorff, "The Oglala Lakota Crazy Horse", J.M. Carrol & Company (1985) page 29 (reprint of Victoria Conroy's letter)
2. Richard G. Hardorff, "The Death of Crazy Horse: A Tragic Episode In Lakota History", Bison Books (2001) page 265 (reprint of Victoria Conroy's letter)
3. Richard G. Hardorff, "The Death of Crazy Horse: A Tragic Episode In Lakota History", Bison Books (2001) pages 56, 113, 128, 265, 270, 271
4. Richard G. Hardorff, "The Oglala Lakota Crazy Horse", J.M. Carrol & Company (1985) pages 27, 29 (above Victoria's letter), 42, 43
5. Kingsley M. Bray, "Crazy Horse: A Lakota Life", University of Oklahoma Press (2006), pages 6, 263-264, 429fn27
6. ftpeckpabaksa in reply #32
7. Curley Youpee on www.turtleislandstorytellers.net/tis_montana/transcript_c_youpee.htm
8. LaDeane Miller, "Families of Pine Ridge" (on a CD), Descendants of Crazy Horse, Pretty Feather Woman
9. Mike Sajna, Crazy Horse - The Life Behind the Legend, Castle Books (2005), page 26.
10. In Part II under Paternal Grandparents in the original post of this thread
11. Richard G. Hardorff, "The Death of Crazy Horse: A Tragic Episode In Lakota History", Bison Books (2001), Neihardt's Interview with Eagle Elk in 1944, page 152
12. The Indian Interviews of Eli S. Ricker, 1903-1919, Voices of the West, Volume 1, edited by R.E. Jensen (2005), page 247
13. Richard G. Hardorff, "The Death of Crazy Horse: A Tragic Episode In Lakota History", Bison Books (2001), page 151

[hreinn]

The name Tunkanawin from Victoria Conroy's letter [1] is most likely based on these words [2]:
tĥuŋkáŋ = rock or stone
wiŋ = a female name ending and represents the Woman part of the name
Therefore Tunkanawin means Rock Woman or Stone Woman.

But does not mean Rattle Stone Woman like Richard Hardorff has it [3].
Because it is missing the word ĥláĥla (hlahla) which means a rattle or to rattle [2].
Like in the name of Crazy Horse's 3 mother Rattle Blanket Woman = Ta-sina hlala win [4] = Taŋ šină ĥláĥla wiŋ.
Where [2]:
Taŋ = well, properly, carefully, nicely, throughly
šină = blanket (usage = refering to a blanket worn around the body or used for covering
ĥláĥla = a rattle or to rattle
wiŋ = a female name ending and represents the Woman part of the name


Most likely Tunkanawin does not mean Big Woman, because then we would expect to see the words [2]:
tháŋka = big
thaŋkíŋyaŋ = big
thaŋktĥáŋka = big


Most likely Tunkanawin does not mean Pretty Feather Woman, because then we would expect to see the words [2]:
wašté = to be pretty
waštéla = to be pretty
oówaŋyaŋg wašté = to be pretty
čhó = to be pretty
wíŋyaŋ wašté = to be pretty (only refering to a woman)
hópA = to be very pretty

wíyakA = feather
súŋ = large bird feathers from the wing
siŋtúpi = bird's tail feathers
wáčhiŋhiŋ = a plume, down or soft feather (worn on the head or used as a decoration)
wahíŋyažiŋčA = downy feathers
waŋblúpi = the tail feathers of an eagle
aópazaŋ = a feather worn in the hair


Hreinn


References:
1. reply #47 above
2. Jan Ullrich, "New Lakota Dictionary", Lakota Language Consortium (2008)
3. Richard G. Hardorff, "The Death of Crazy Horse: A Tragic Episode In Lakota History", Bison Books (2001) pages 56, 113, 128, 265, 270, 271
4. Kingsley Bray at www.american-tribes.com/Lakota/BIO/CrazyHorse-Part1.htm

[ladonna]

i was wondering where the definition came for the words, that new dictionary. Sna-Rattling or in some writing Ana-Rattling the second is a misprint in most of the censuses. Since we do not have the european concept of names there are many Big Women across indian country.

[ladonna]

Tankawin-Big Woman
Wiyaka Waste Win-Pretty Feather Woman
Tankan Win-Stone Woman
Tanka sna Win- Rattling Stone Woman

[hreinn]

Yes, the definitions of the words in replies #35 & #48 came from the New Lakota Dictionary published by Lakota Language Consortium.


Regarding whether the name of Rattle Blanket Woman would have been Tanka sna Win or Ta-sina hlala win (Taŋ šină ĥláĥla wiŋ):

1. The "Ta-sina hlala win" version of the name Rattle Blanket Woman is from Kingsley Bray's text as quoted in reference [4] in reply #48.
2. I don't know where Kingsley Bray got it from.
3. From The New Lakota Dictionary:
a) šna (sna) = regularly, often.
b) ĥláĥla (hlala) = a rattle or to rattle


Hreinn

[hreinn]

Regarding the names Big Woman and Stone Woman:

The writing of the following names are very similar, I think too similar:

Apr 17, 2012 7:24:18 GMT -5 ladonna said:

Tankawin-Big Woman
Tankan Win-Stone Woman
Tanka sna Win- Rattling Stone Woman]

From the writings of the words/names:
a) Tankawin (Tȟáŋka wiŋ) = Big Woman
b) Tunkanawin (Tĥuŋkáŋ wiŋ) = Stone Woman
I understood that there is a small difference in speaking of the first part (Tan vs. Tun)
Similar to the difference in pronouncing the words track vs. truck.
Where there is a small variation of opening of the mouth to say the "a" vs. "u" sounds.
So Tunkanawin (Tĥuŋkáŋ wiŋ) seems to be a correct writing of the name Stone Woman.


It is appropriate to notice that the word tunkan (tĥuŋkáŋ) has not exactly the same meaning as the word inyan (íŋyaŋ).
Although both can be translated as stone or rock.

Tunkan (tĥuŋkáŋ) is according to New Lakota Dictionary = rock (as spiritual entity).

From J.R. Walker's book Lakota Belief and Ritual, Bison Books (1991) page 112:
"Tunkan is the spirit which fell from the sky.
It is a stone.
It knows all things which are secret.
It can tell where things are when they are lost or stolen. "


Hreinn

[ladonna]

Tankan is a sacred stone-kind of like the stones/rock we use for the inipi
they help use with the breath of tunkasila
Inyan is the oldest being in the world or rock
that is the difference

[lincoln]

Forthcoming Cowans Auction July 21st lists at Lot 182 a D F Barry photograph of Chief Wild Horse
The description includes "Chief Wild Horse was reputed to be the cousin of Crazy Horse".
Can any of the historians/genealogists on this post verify (or refute) this?

[Dietmar]

Lincoln,

welcome to our boards. I think you mean the man in these pictures:


Wild Horse by D.F. Barry


Wild Horse by D.F. Barry

I found these snippets on him:

qualityamericanacollects.homestead.com/AntiquePhotography.html

Famous but difficult to acquire Barry image of Wild Horse, identified variously by Barry and his friend and biographer Usher Burdick as a brother or cousin of Crazy Horse. Wild Horse was not Crazy Horse’s biological brother, but had he been a cousin, through kinship, he would have been considered a brother. In his Sketch of the Life of David F. Barry Burdick comments, “Barry’s collection includes Wild Horse, a brother of Crazy Horse. There was a marked resemblance between the two.” If so, Wild Horse or another Lakota familiar with Crazy Horse must have informed Barry of the likeness as neither Barry nor Burdick ever saw Crazy Horse. Wild Horse was with the non-treaty Oglala Lakota in 1876 and fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!91451!0

Barry Cat. Number 443: "Wild Horse, Crow, seated wearing headdress, full length"; and Number 444: "similar view. 3/4 length."
See 443 in Denver Public Library Catalog of Barry photographs.
"A member of Crazy Horse Band of Indians and a leading war chief in the fight against General Crook and his expedition on June 17, 1876. "After desperate fighting, General Crook saw that he was outnumbered, fighting a dashing, daring bunch of young Indian warriors under the leadership of the noted Chief Crazy Horse, supported by such chiefs as Red Horse, Wild Horse, Timber Wolf, his cousin, and other young Indians of the Crazy Horse Band of Braves. Good Indian fighter that he was, rather than see his command destroyed by this fearless bunch under that ring-master of the old frontier Crazy Horse, General Crook made a rapid retreat to save his command, showing his excellent judgement and consideration for his soldiers." -- Notation on photograph in the Burdick Collection of Barry photographs. (February 1937)

[witkola]

(NOTE: In order for the characters in my post to display properly (unicode) in your browser, you will have to manually set your browser encoding to utf-8 -- even then, this board does not allow for the correct use of combining diacritic characters to properly display the Lakĥóta language in either unicode or IPA characters. Otherwise, the Lakĥóta text doesn't make any sense whatsover. Unfortunately, this board does NOT use unicode and supports only European character sets so the value of the posts seem restricted to only those members whose interests and languages lie within that narrow range.)

tĥųką́ = stone (also means "ancient")
tĥųką́na = tĥųką́ + -na ("-na" maybe from the Nakóna dialect = "-la" in Lakĥóta > tĥųką́la). If so, then either a term of endearment or a diminuative. If the original word was actually Lakĥóta "tĥųką́la" then "tĥųką́la" = the tiny sacred stones, 402 of them, inside the rawhide gourds which rattle and flash during Lakĥóta healing ceremonies.
The name "Tĥųką́la Wį́," at least in Lakĥóta, could be translated as "Sacred Stone Woman" (referring to the tiny stones within rawhide gourds and the way they rattle and flash during Lakĥóta healing ceremonies) although the cultures & traditions of the other bands, the "Dakóta" and "Nakóna," may not have or use the rawhide gourd with the stones in them in their healing rituals.

Apr 9, 2012 18:55:27 GMT -5 hreinn said:

The name Tunkanawin from Victoria Conroy's letter [1] is most likely based on these words [2]:
tĥuŋk�ŋ = rock or stone
wiŋ = a female name ending and represents the Woman part of the name
Therefore Tunkanawin means Rock Woman or Stone Woman.

But does not mean Rattle Stone Woman like Richard Hardorff has it [3].
Because it is missing the word ĥl�ĥla (hlahla) which means a rattle or to rattle [2].
Like in the name of Crazy Horse's 3 mother Rattle Blanket Woman = Ta-sina hlala win [4] = Taŋ �ină ĥl�ĥla wiŋ.
Where [2]:
Taŋ = well, properly, carefully, nicely, throughly
�ină = blanket (usage = refering to a blanket worn around the body or used for covering
ĥl�ĥla = a rattle or to rattle
wiŋ = a female name ending and represents the Woman part of the name


Most likely Tunkanawin does not mean Big Woman, because then we would expect to see the words [2]:
th�ŋka = big
thaŋk�ŋyaŋ = big
thaŋktĥ�ŋka = big


Most likely Tunkanawin does not mean Pretty Feather Woman, because then we would expect to see the words [2]:
wa�t� = to be pretty
wa�t�la = to be pretty
o�waŋyaŋg wa�t� = to be pretty
čh� = to be pretty
w�ŋyaŋ wa�t� = to be pretty (only refering to a woman)
h�pA = to be very pretty

[lincoln]

Re Wild Horse: Dietmar, thank you for reply; yes, the photograph for sale is the same subject as your photos. He does not seem to be named in any of the discussed genealogical information for Crazy Horse.

[hreinn]

Various comments:


A possible connection between Wild Horse and Crazy Horse is interesting.
To me Wild Horse has some resemblance to Flying Hawk, who also was said to be a cousin of Crazy Horse [see reply #16].
Flying Hawk was one of Black Fox's 1 sons and it is interesting to note that we only know names of 3 out of 13 children of Black Fox 1.
Perhaps Wild Horse was one of Black Fox's sons ? and therefore brother to Flying Hawk, Kicking Bear and Black Fox 2 ?



Now I prefer the name Sacred Stone Woman as a translation for Tĥuŋkáŋ wiŋ (Tunkanawin) as suggested by Witkola in reply #56.
Instead of Rattle Stone Woman or Stone Woman.
Based on:
1. Witkola's explanations in reply #56
2. LaDonna's explanations in reply #53
3. Walker's explanations of tunkan as mentioned in reply #52
4. The translation of the word tunkan in "New Lakota Dictionary" as mentioned in reply #52
All of these explain that tĥuŋkáŋ (tunkan) means sacred stone.
Witkola explains that the translation Rattle Stone Woman is not out of the blue.
But rather understandable and shows that the original translator knew what he was talking about.
But Sacred Stone Woman covers better the direct meaning of the word tĥuŋkáŋ (tunkan).
Besides being more accurate translation, Sacred Stone Woman is more beautiful name than Rattle Stone Woman.
By using the name Sacred Stone Woman we avoid a possible confusion between Rattle Stone Woman vs. Rattle Blanket Woman.



LaDonna; thanks for the information about Yankton in reply #46.



In reply #33, it is written that Runs After Enemy had a sister who married the Mnikhowozu Corn Man.
With a reference to information on www.geni.com (reference #2 in reply #33).
After an inquery it turns out that this information on www.geni.com is not posted by a descendant of these people.
But instead posted by a non-Lakota person.
Who based it on Kingsley Bray's thoughts on the main site of this website.
Kingsley Bray's thoughts:
"Crazy Horse's mother was related as cousin to his two stepmothers, Iron Between Horns and Kills Enemy. If we assume that Runs After Enemy was Aske, I suggest that his sister was married to Corn, and that their daughters included Iron Between Horns and Kills Enemy."
www.american-tribes.com/Lakota/BIO/CrazyHorse-Part2.htm
Therefore this reference is not an independent source for this information and therefore not a confirmation of Kingsley Bray's thoughts.


Hreinn

[loutre]

would you have any informations about crazy horse possibly being a mixed blood?