Post by kingsleybray on May 13, 2013 3:30:22 GMT -5
Continuing from the conversation with dado in the Bull Bear and his Family thread
(see amertribes.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=oglala1&action=display&thread=1268&page=2),
I am posting my current thoughts on the composition of the Oglala tribe at the 1804 baseline. That is the year Tabeau and Lewis & Clark provide data on the basic band structure. Tabeau records that the "Okondanas" tribe of the Teton Lakota comprise two subdivisions, the "Okondanas" proper and the "Chihaut". Lewis & Clark render these names as "Okan-dan-dahs" and "She-o". The names are respectively the d-Dakota version of Oglala, 'To Scatter One's Own', and shiyo, the sharptail grouse. These two were what I call maximal bands of several hundred people apiece. Tabeau lists the 'Okondanas' proper first, and since he appears to grade his band lists by size, I think it is probable that this was the larger of the two. He goes on to observe that bands like these (he calls them "tribes") "yield still other divisions which are under the leadership of subordinate chiefs."
The core building block of all Lakota bands and tribes was the tiyoshpaye, a cluster of related families typically about 50-100 people strong. Based around eminent families - wealthy, able to sponsor ceremonies and other communal endeavours - these units show very strong coninuity across long periods (consider families like the Bad Wounds, Sitting Bears, et al.). Such basic groups typically operated jointly with one or two others - connected by blood and/or marriage - for much of the year. These nested sub-divisions are reflected in my reconstruction below, but it should be borne in mind that associations between tiyoshpaye were fluid and dynamic. We should not assume that the same associations would hold good a generation later or earlier. For limited periods, typically in summer, whole tribes like the Oglala came together for communal hunts and to co-ordinate major war-parties.
What follows is my attempt to reconstruct the outline of these component Oglala bands and their affiliations with leading families, as of c. 1804. I have added some thoughts on the aggregative growth in the Oglala tribe over the succeeding generation, identifying those groups which "became Oglalas" in the period 1805-20.
Hopefully this provides a working baseline from which we can extend forward through the 19th century, as data increase and finer grained analysis becomes possible, ultimately to the founding of band-derived communities on the Pine Ridge reservation in the 1880s and 1890s; and tentatively extend back in time into the 18th century to try to understand the origins of the Oglalas as an independent social group.
A note on the Oyuhpe: This important Oglala band is not represented on my baseline list. There is strong evidence that this band existed as an important Oglala subdivision from early in the 1700s, and it is attested from the 1830s forward as a strong Oglala band. My research does suggest however that in the late 18th-early 19th centuries the Oyuhpe were primarily associated with the Northern Teton or Saone tribal divisions, principally the Miniconjou. This Miniconjou connection would remain strong after the Oyuhpes rejoined the Oglalas in the decade 1825-35, and is reflected in e.g. the fact that Amos Bad Heart Bull, in his drawing of the 1875 Black Hills Council, identifies the camp circle corresponding to the Oyuhpe as "Oklala Minikowoju".
The Oglala Tribe in generation 1800-1825.
Population in 1804 reconstructed as 1000 people, 100 lodges. Breakdown as reconstructed for 1804, contains two maximal bands (oshpaye), comprising approximately five camps or sub-bands (wichoti) and fourteen tiyoshpaye (extended family clusters).
Maximal Band A. Oglala proper maximal band (oshpaye): approximately 600 people, 60 lodges in 1804.
1. Oglala-hca, True Oglala
• Mahto, or Bear tiyoshpaye: Sitting Bear family (leads to American Horse family)
• Iwayusota, Used Up by Begging (leads to Walks Underground, Black Bear families)
• Ite Shicha, Bad Face: Fast Whirlwind family
2. Tashnahecha-yuta, Ground Squirrel Eaters
• Tashnahecha-yuta: Bad Wound family
• Kiyuksa, Break in Middle: Stone Knife, White Swan families
• Kiyuksa, sister band to above: Two Crows family
3. Hunkpatila, Camp at the Horn
• Night Cloud band?: Standing Bull family
• Red Lodge band?: Yellow Eagle family
• Kapozhela, Light-weight: Black Elk family
Maximal Band B. Shiyo maximal band (oshpaye): approximately 400 people, 40 lodges in 1804.
1. Shiyo proper (to Brules, c. 1830+)
• Shiyo-tanka, Large Prairie Hen
• Homna, Smells of Fish
• Shiyo-suhula, Small Prairie Hen
2. (Remain with Oglalas, c. 1830+)
• In 1820s: Shoulder family?
• In 1820s: Shell Man family?
Changes in period 1805-1825:
Population in 1825 is estimated at 1500 (Gen. H. Atkinson report), representing a 50% increase on 1804 reconstruction. Since the norm for all Tetons is approximately 17.5% growth across 1804-1825 (see K. M. Bray, ‘Teton Sioux Population History, 1655-1881’, Nebraska History, 75: 2, p. 174, Table 3), this suggests as much as 325 people net growth, i.e. joining the Oglalas from other Lakota divisions.
My proposal is that these in-migrants are identifiable as the Kuhiyan band, which attach themselves to the two Kiyuksa tiyoshpaye, forming the core of a new maximal band that will crystalise in the decade 1825-1835. The immediate source for these in-migrants was the Brule tribe; some individuals/families may have come from the Miniconjou. The Kuhiyan break down into two camps, as follows:
1. Possibly joins the Oglalas winter 1804-1805 in connection with the hunka ceremony reformation detailed in J. R. Walker traditions (Lakota Belief and Ritual, doc's 72-78).
• Little Bull family (leads to Whistler-Two Lance family)
• Paints His Chin Red family (leads to Little Dog-Spotted Horse-Big Brain-No Flesh families)
2. Joins the Oglalas permanently 1820 (after period floating between Brule and Oglala circles, beginning 1812: cf. Cloud Shield winter count; He Dog statement to S. Mekeel).
• Two Arrows-Lone Man family (amalgamates with Bad Face period 1825-1840)
• Man Afraid of His Horse family (becomes Payabya band, amalgamates with Hunkpatila camp period 1825-1840)
(see amertribes.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=oglala1&action=display&thread=1268&page=2),
I am posting my current thoughts on the composition of the Oglala tribe at the 1804 baseline. That is the year Tabeau and Lewis & Clark provide data on the basic band structure. Tabeau records that the "Okondanas" tribe of the Teton Lakota comprise two subdivisions, the "Okondanas" proper and the "Chihaut". Lewis & Clark render these names as "Okan-dan-dahs" and "She-o". The names are respectively the d-Dakota version of Oglala, 'To Scatter One's Own', and shiyo, the sharptail grouse. These two were what I call maximal bands of several hundred people apiece. Tabeau lists the 'Okondanas' proper first, and since he appears to grade his band lists by size, I think it is probable that this was the larger of the two. He goes on to observe that bands like these (he calls them "tribes") "yield still other divisions which are under the leadership of subordinate chiefs."
The core building block of all Lakota bands and tribes was the tiyoshpaye, a cluster of related families typically about 50-100 people strong. Based around eminent families - wealthy, able to sponsor ceremonies and other communal endeavours - these units show very strong coninuity across long periods (consider families like the Bad Wounds, Sitting Bears, et al.). Such basic groups typically operated jointly with one or two others - connected by blood and/or marriage - for much of the year. These nested sub-divisions are reflected in my reconstruction below, but it should be borne in mind that associations between tiyoshpaye were fluid and dynamic. We should not assume that the same associations would hold good a generation later or earlier. For limited periods, typically in summer, whole tribes like the Oglala came together for communal hunts and to co-ordinate major war-parties.
What follows is my attempt to reconstruct the outline of these component Oglala bands and their affiliations with leading families, as of c. 1804. I have added some thoughts on the aggregative growth in the Oglala tribe over the succeeding generation, identifying those groups which "became Oglalas" in the period 1805-20.
Hopefully this provides a working baseline from which we can extend forward through the 19th century, as data increase and finer grained analysis becomes possible, ultimately to the founding of band-derived communities on the Pine Ridge reservation in the 1880s and 1890s; and tentatively extend back in time into the 18th century to try to understand the origins of the Oglalas as an independent social group.
A note on the Oyuhpe: This important Oglala band is not represented on my baseline list. There is strong evidence that this band existed as an important Oglala subdivision from early in the 1700s, and it is attested from the 1830s forward as a strong Oglala band. My research does suggest however that in the late 18th-early 19th centuries the Oyuhpe were primarily associated with the Northern Teton or Saone tribal divisions, principally the Miniconjou. This Miniconjou connection would remain strong after the Oyuhpes rejoined the Oglalas in the decade 1825-35, and is reflected in e.g. the fact that Amos Bad Heart Bull, in his drawing of the 1875 Black Hills Council, identifies the camp circle corresponding to the Oyuhpe as "Oklala Minikowoju".
The Oglala Tribe in generation 1800-1825.
Population in 1804 reconstructed as 1000 people, 100 lodges. Breakdown as reconstructed for 1804, contains two maximal bands (oshpaye), comprising approximately five camps or sub-bands (wichoti) and fourteen tiyoshpaye (extended family clusters).
Maximal Band A. Oglala proper maximal band (oshpaye): approximately 600 people, 60 lodges in 1804.
1. Oglala-hca, True Oglala
• Mahto, or Bear tiyoshpaye: Sitting Bear family (leads to American Horse family)
• Iwayusota, Used Up by Begging (leads to Walks Underground, Black Bear families)
• Ite Shicha, Bad Face: Fast Whirlwind family
2. Tashnahecha-yuta, Ground Squirrel Eaters
• Tashnahecha-yuta: Bad Wound family
• Kiyuksa, Break in Middle: Stone Knife, White Swan families
• Kiyuksa, sister band to above: Two Crows family
3. Hunkpatila, Camp at the Horn
• Night Cloud band?: Standing Bull family
• Red Lodge band?: Yellow Eagle family
• Kapozhela, Light-weight: Black Elk family
Maximal Band B. Shiyo maximal band (oshpaye): approximately 400 people, 40 lodges in 1804.
1. Shiyo proper (to Brules, c. 1830+)
• Shiyo-tanka, Large Prairie Hen
• Homna, Smells of Fish
• Shiyo-suhula, Small Prairie Hen
2. (Remain with Oglalas, c. 1830+)
• In 1820s: Shoulder family?
• In 1820s: Shell Man family?
Changes in period 1805-1825:
Population in 1825 is estimated at 1500 (Gen. H. Atkinson report), representing a 50% increase on 1804 reconstruction. Since the norm for all Tetons is approximately 17.5% growth across 1804-1825 (see K. M. Bray, ‘Teton Sioux Population History, 1655-1881’, Nebraska History, 75: 2, p. 174, Table 3), this suggests as much as 325 people net growth, i.e. joining the Oglalas from other Lakota divisions.
My proposal is that these in-migrants are identifiable as the Kuhiyan band, which attach themselves to the two Kiyuksa tiyoshpaye, forming the core of a new maximal band that will crystalise in the decade 1825-1835. The immediate source for these in-migrants was the Brule tribe; some individuals/families may have come from the Miniconjou. The Kuhiyan break down into two camps, as follows:
1. Possibly joins the Oglalas winter 1804-1805 in connection with the hunka ceremony reformation detailed in J. R. Walker traditions (Lakota Belief and Ritual, doc's 72-78).
• Little Bull family (leads to Whistler-Two Lance family)
• Paints His Chin Red family (leads to Little Dog-Spotted Horse-Big Brain-No Flesh families)
2. Joins the Oglalas permanently 1820 (after period floating between Brule and Oglala circles, beginning 1812: cf. Cloud Shield winter count; He Dog statement to S. Mekeel).
• Two Arrows-Lone Man family (amalgamates with Bad Face period 1825-1840)
• Man Afraid of His Horse family (becomes Payabya band, amalgamates with Hunkpatila camp period 1825-1840)