Post by grahamew on May 29, 2024 8:32:17 GMT -5
Since most of these images have disappeared from the original threads, I'm going to repost them in two or three posts. I don't know the group affiliation of everyone, but I am always open to corrections/suggestions so you could always message me and I'll add any detail. I don't intend to post the Julian Vannerson or Charles DeForest Fredericks delegation photos except for Little Crow and one other image that was appropriated by Martin/Upton/whoever (see below - eventually); most of the photographs below are from the late 1850s/early 1860s, though some were still being printed later either by the same artist or someone else. There won't be any Santee images from Canada, because they're already posted in this thread: amertribes.proboards.com/thread/3493/dakota-lakota-canada-visual-images
Several of the studio images show men who were later hung for their participation in the 1862 rebellion. See amertribes.proboards.com/thread/252/hanging-38-sioux-1862
As is often the case with photographers working on the frontier, images could be marketed by someone who did not take the image and this is particularly pertinent here, where we have four notable names on the cartes, which largely show images taken in the late 1850s/early 1860s, but which, in some cases, continued to be sold long after that.
Joel Emmons Whitney (1822-1886) had a photography business in St. Paul between 1851 and 1871, after which, he sold both studio AND images to Charles A. Zimmerman, whose name you can see on several of the photographs below and who initially worked as an apprentice to Whitney.
James Edgar Martin also had a Minnesota studio in the 1850s and 1860s. While he specialised in stereoviews, he wasn’t alone in this and, of course, some of those stereos have been reduced to one image in several instances below. For his first venture, he opened the Excelsior Photographic Gallery; however, he sold this to Alfred J. Hassler in 1864 before founding Martin's Art Gallery, which specialised in his stereoviews and also sold images from other photographers, notably Whitney and Benjamin F. Upton. In 1869, he sold the gallery to Whitney.
Benjamin Franklin Upton took images in the Minneapolis, St. Anthony, and Saint Paul areas of Minnesota, during the 1850s-1860s and photographed many of the Dakota in the POW village at Fort Snelling.
However, Whitney and Upton’s images were also sold by Martin’s Gallery until 1869, when Martin sold his gallery to Whitney.
To complicate things further, there are several images below that have been attributed to still other photographers and it may well be that these are examples of images taken by any one of the men above and simply sold under somebody else’s name; moreover, some of these images can be found where the subject has a different name and given an Ojibwe tribal affiliation – although, of course, this works both ways. Where I know this has happened, I have pointed it out.
William H. Illingworth was an English-born photographer noted for accompanying Custer into the Black Hills in 1874; however, he worked out of St. Paul for a period. He was 20 before he studied photography in Chicago and did not return to St. Paul until 1866, the earliest possible date for his images. If the photographs taken by William McLeish and Otto C. Pasel look similar to those taken by Illingworth, that is because they may well be Illingworth images as he partnered with McLeish around 1870 and the latter entered into business with Pasel in 1873, so they may well have been selling Illingworth or, at least, Illingworth and McLeish prints.
Some makers remain anonymous: one is a group of studio photographs showing Dakota – or possibly Ojibwe - headmen against a backdrop different to those used in other studio images.
A notable group of photographs are those taken by Adrian J. Ebel and/or his student, Edward Lawton around the Yellow Medicine Mission on the day before the uprising began and the famous image of the fleeing settlers while they stopped to eat. His images were later remarketed by Whitney’s Gallery.
A final key photographer is W.H. Jacoby, who worked in Minneapolis during the 1860s; the text on the back of his images tells us that he was at 61 and 63 Bridge Square, Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he worked from 1869-70 (or, of course, he was selling images from this address that he took while working at the previous one between 1865-7 (Bridge Square and Second). They are a group of images taken among the Santee, clearly agency people (you can see the children with short hair and suits of clothes – likely outfits for school), but which group, I don't know. I have seen one of these photos elsewhere labelled as Red River Sioux and Red River carts can be seen.
When JOacoby's images appeared on an auction site some years back, Mike Cowdrey, in an old post on the Plains Indian Seminar site, reckoned they were taken prior to 1861 because, from evidence from other works, Jacoby never left the environs of Minneapolis and he suspected Jacoby may have been selling copies of photographs made by an earlier photographer because most of the Santee had left or been ejected from Minnesota by the end of the Sioux War and he didn't arrive there until 1861. He also notes were no caravans of Red River Metis in Minnesota after the war started in 1861 - and he thinks there may be two series of photos: one of the Dakota and one of the Metis, while suggesting Red Wood or Lower Dakota Agency as probable locations. He sees the tipis as structurally different - though I would point out that if you look carefully, you can see a cart in the background of the shot with the two men kneeling in front of the tipi and in the one where they're walking towards the foreground.
As I said, I've seen one of the Indian photos identified as Red River Sioux, which might imply that this is a mixed Metis/Dakota group and in The Handbook of North American Indians, the photo is dated 1868, the location identified as Fort Abercrombie, Dakota Territory and the people as Wahpeton and Sisseton.
Elsewhere, I've seen Fort Abercrombie and Mendota referenced as possible locations with dates up to 1875. Jacoby's firm was working in Minnesota from 1861 through to the 1890s - his son, Charles, had taken it over in 1888. The Minnesota Historical Society identifies the image with the woman and the child at the door of the tipi as 'Camp of the Dacotas, Dacota Territory,' and dates it circa 1880.
Jennifer Elaine McKinney's Breaking the Frame: How Photographs of the Dakota-U.S. War of 1862 Influence Historical Memory is an excellent essay on the photographs taken before and after the uprising - and the way they were used later - and can be downloaded here: shareok.org/handle/11244/321553
Wichunkpeduta or Red Star
Unidentified - though that looks like Red Star on thr right. Image by Whitney and Zimmerman
Unidentified Dakota woman - Whitney image
Big Eagle
Big Eagle
Big Eagle?
I've also seen him identified as a Winnebago
Ah-pe-ma-za or Iron Nest
And again...
And again
Labelled 'Chippewa warrior,' this is another Martin image of Ah-pe-Ma-za, who was killed at Fort Ridgely
Ah-pe-Ma-za with unidentified man
Te-na-se-pa or Do-wan-sa - one of those later hung for his participation in the rebellion
As above; here credited to Upton at Martin's Gallery, I've seen it attributed to Whitney and Zimmerman...
Same man as above?
Anpetu-tokeca/Other Day
Anpetu-tokeca/Other Day
Anpetu-tokeca/Other Day; Martin's Gallery. Presumably this and the previous image were taken later than the others because he looks older and heavier
Anpetu-tokeca/Other Day
Anpetu-tokeca/Other Day
Ma-za-oo-nie - note this has been heavily retouched
The original backdrop with a different pose - this time his name is given as Ma-za-oo-me
And again...
Dakota boy; identified elsewhere as a Winnebago
Apistoka
Shena(?), Dakota woman
Boy at Fort Snelling (Upton)
Same boy, Fort Snelling POW camp
Unidentified Santee(?) man - by Illingworth(?)
This is the same man, but here, he's identified as an Ojibwe and the photograph is attributed to Zimmerman...
Unidentified Santee women - Illingworth(?)
Undientified Dakota by Illingworth
Dakota boy by Illingworth
Unidentified Santee men (by Illingworth)
Another Illingworth: unidentified Dakota woman (who resembles the woman in the image above taken by Whitney)
Unidentified Dakota woman and daughter, McLeish and Pasel, 1872. Elsewhere, I've seen them labelled as Hepstena and Annie.
Unidentified Dakota woman by McLeish and Pasel, 1872
Wahpeton women by Gurnsey or Hamilton
Inktomi-Ska or White Spider - Little Crow's half brother (later known as John C. Wakeham) - by Upton.
Paha-Uza-Tanka - by Whitney
Unidentified.
Unidentified on left; Te-He-Do-Ne-Cha/One Who Forbids His House on right
As above
One Who Forbids His House
And again...
And again
Unidentified & One Who Forbids His House (Tehedonecha)
Marpiya Okinajin, or 'He Who Stands in the Clouds – also known as Cut Nose - Whitney photo
Ta-O-Pee/Wounded Man and son of Old Bets/Betsey St. Clair, or Azayamankawin, who was clearly nowhere near as old as people claimed she was or she would have given birth to Ta-O-Pee in her 80s! Martin image.
Simon Anawangmani by Whitney
The Hazelwood Mission Station of Reverend Stephen R. Riggs, Yellow Medicine County, 1860
Prisoners at Fort Snelling - Upton. At the right is Nispipe (aka Ta-chun-da-hupa)
Variant on the above Upton photo
Camp Release, 1862; photo by Adrien John Ebell - though it is likely after the Battle of Wood Lake and not Camp Release. I have seen the man in the army cap identified as John Other Day...
Santee prisoners 25 October - 11 November, 1862; photo by Adrien John Ebell
Robert Hopkins Chaska and family near Dr Thomas Williamson's Pajutazee mission house, Yellow Medicine. Image by Adrien John Ebel(?)
Dakota Indians at Dr. Williamson's home (Pajutazee Mission) near Yellow Medicine; image by Adrien John Ebell, the morning the resistance broke out. While the boy may be wearing a school uniform, I suspect this is the same family featured in the image of the woman guarding the corn - see below
Women winnowing wheat at Granite Falls; published by Whitney but possibly by Adrien John Ebell, August 1862, the morning of the uprising
A Dakota woman and children guarding corn against blackbirds at the Upper Sioux Agency in Granite Falls, the morning the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862 began. Image by Adrien John Ebell, August 1862
Tipis near Fort Snelling - image by Zimmerman, circa 1870
Prisoner of war camp on Pike Island, Fort Snelling. Imaghe by Benjamin Franklin Upton, though later republished by Edward A. Bromley, as were some of the other images
Bishop Whipple holding a confirmation ceremony among the prisoners at Fort Snelling, April 1863
And again
Although this looks as if it was taken in the wilderness, I wonder if it was part of the POW camp
Dakota tipis on Fort Snelling flats
Tipis at Fort Snelling (Upton)
Mdewakanton village supposedly on the site of Bridge Square, Minneapolis, 1852. ...?
Tinkling Water or Sna Mani(?)
Sisseton women at Fort Totten - Morrow photo, circa 1870
Another Morrow image of Sisseton women
Sacred Blanket, Santee - by Morrow
Reverand Mazakute of the Church of Our Merciful Saviour, Santee, Nebraska, the first Dakota Presbyter of the Protestant Episcopal Church, circa 1870 - Morrow photo
Reverand Taopi, Santee Sioux and Episcopal Deacon at the Church of Our Merciful Saviour, Santee, Nebraska, circa 1870 - Morrow. Pretty sure this is the same Taopi as above, photographed by Martin's Gallery after the uprising
Unidentified
Unidentified
Wah-Pa-Doo-ta/Red Leaf
More to come...
Several of the studio images show men who were later hung for their participation in the 1862 rebellion. See amertribes.proboards.com/thread/252/hanging-38-sioux-1862
The Photographers
As is often the case with photographers working on the frontier, images could be marketed by someone who did not take the image and this is particularly pertinent here, where we have four notable names on the cartes, which largely show images taken in the late 1850s/early 1860s, but which, in some cases, continued to be sold long after that.
Joel Emmons Whitney (1822-1886) had a photography business in St. Paul between 1851 and 1871, after which, he sold both studio AND images to Charles A. Zimmerman, whose name you can see on several of the photographs below and who initially worked as an apprentice to Whitney.
James Edgar Martin also had a Minnesota studio in the 1850s and 1860s. While he specialised in stereoviews, he wasn’t alone in this and, of course, some of those stereos have been reduced to one image in several instances below. For his first venture, he opened the Excelsior Photographic Gallery; however, he sold this to Alfred J. Hassler in 1864 before founding Martin's Art Gallery, which specialised in his stereoviews and also sold images from other photographers, notably Whitney and Benjamin F. Upton. In 1869, he sold the gallery to Whitney.
Benjamin Franklin Upton took images in the Minneapolis, St. Anthony, and Saint Paul areas of Minnesota, during the 1850s-1860s and photographed many of the Dakota in the POW village at Fort Snelling.
However, Whitney and Upton’s images were also sold by Martin’s Gallery until 1869, when Martin sold his gallery to Whitney.
To complicate things further, there are several images below that have been attributed to still other photographers and it may well be that these are examples of images taken by any one of the men above and simply sold under somebody else’s name; moreover, some of these images can be found where the subject has a different name and given an Ojibwe tribal affiliation – although, of course, this works both ways. Where I know this has happened, I have pointed it out.
William H. Illingworth was an English-born photographer noted for accompanying Custer into the Black Hills in 1874; however, he worked out of St. Paul for a period. He was 20 before he studied photography in Chicago and did not return to St. Paul until 1866, the earliest possible date for his images. If the photographs taken by William McLeish and Otto C. Pasel look similar to those taken by Illingworth, that is because they may well be Illingworth images as he partnered with McLeish around 1870 and the latter entered into business with Pasel in 1873, so they may well have been selling Illingworth or, at least, Illingworth and McLeish prints.
Some makers remain anonymous: one is a group of studio photographs showing Dakota – or possibly Ojibwe - headmen against a backdrop different to those used in other studio images.
A notable group of photographs are those taken by Adrian J. Ebel and/or his student, Edward Lawton around the Yellow Medicine Mission on the day before the uprising began and the famous image of the fleeing settlers while they stopped to eat. His images were later remarketed by Whitney’s Gallery.
A final key photographer is W.H. Jacoby, who worked in Minneapolis during the 1860s; the text on the back of his images tells us that he was at 61 and 63 Bridge Square, Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he worked from 1869-70 (or, of course, he was selling images from this address that he took while working at the previous one between 1865-7 (Bridge Square and Second). They are a group of images taken among the Santee, clearly agency people (you can see the children with short hair and suits of clothes – likely outfits for school), but which group, I don't know. I have seen one of these photos elsewhere labelled as Red River Sioux and Red River carts can be seen.
When JOacoby's images appeared on an auction site some years back, Mike Cowdrey, in an old post on the Plains Indian Seminar site, reckoned they were taken prior to 1861 because, from evidence from other works, Jacoby never left the environs of Minneapolis and he suspected Jacoby may have been selling copies of photographs made by an earlier photographer because most of the Santee had left or been ejected from Minnesota by the end of the Sioux War and he didn't arrive there until 1861. He also notes were no caravans of Red River Metis in Minnesota after the war started in 1861 - and he thinks there may be two series of photos: one of the Dakota and one of the Metis, while suggesting Red Wood or Lower Dakota Agency as probable locations. He sees the tipis as structurally different - though I would point out that if you look carefully, you can see a cart in the background of the shot with the two men kneeling in front of the tipi and in the one where they're walking towards the foreground.
As I said, I've seen one of the Indian photos identified as Red River Sioux, which might imply that this is a mixed Metis/Dakota group and in The Handbook of North American Indians, the photo is dated 1868, the location identified as Fort Abercrombie, Dakota Territory and the people as Wahpeton and Sisseton.
Elsewhere, I've seen Fort Abercrombie and Mendota referenced as possible locations with dates up to 1875. Jacoby's firm was working in Minnesota from 1861 through to the 1890s - his son, Charles, had taken it over in 1888. The Minnesota Historical Society identifies the image with the woman and the child at the door of the tipi as 'Camp of the Dacotas, Dacota Territory,' and dates it circa 1880.
Jennifer Elaine McKinney's Breaking the Frame: How Photographs of the Dakota-U.S. War of 1862 Influence Historical Memory is an excellent essay on the photographs taken before and after the uprising - and the way they were used later - and can be downloaded here: shareok.org/handle/11244/321553
Wichunkpeduta or Red Star
Unidentified - though that looks like Red Star on thr right. Image by Whitney and Zimmerman
Unidentified Dakota woman - Whitney image
Big Eagle
Big Eagle
Big Eagle?
I've also seen him identified as a Winnebago
Ah-pe-ma-za or Iron Nest
And again...
And again
Labelled 'Chippewa warrior,' this is another Martin image of Ah-pe-Ma-za, who was killed at Fort Ridgely
Ah-pe-Ma-za with unidentified man
Te-na-se-pa or Do-wan-sa - one of those later hung for his participation in the rebellion
As above; here credited to Upton at Martin's Gallery, I've seen it attributed to Whitney and Zimmerman...
Same man as above?
Anpetu-tokeca/Other Day
Anpetu-tokeca/Other Day
Anpetu-tokeca/Other Day; Martin's Gallery. Presumably this and the previous image were taken later than the others because he looks older and heavier
Anpetu-tokeca/Other Day
Anpetu-tokeca/Other Day
Ma-za-oo-nie - note this has been heavily retouched
The original backdrop with a different pose - this time his name is given as Ma-za-oo-me
And again...
Dakota boy; identified elsewhere as a Winnebago
Apistoka
Shena(?), Dakota woman
Boy at Fort Snelling (Upton)
Same boy, Fort Snelling POW camp
Unidentified Santee(?) man - by Illingworth(?)
This is the same man, but here, he's identified as an Ojibwe and the photograph is attributed to Zimmerman...
Unidentified Santee women - Illingworth(?)
Undientified Dakota by Illingworth
Dakota boy by Illingworth
Unidentified Santee men (by Illingworth)
Another Illingworth: unidentified Dakota woman (who resembles the woman in the image above taken by Whitney)
Unidentified Dakota woman and daughter, McLeish and Pasel, 1872. Elsewhere, I've seen them labelled as Hepstena and Annie.
Unidentified Dakota woman by McLeish and Pasel, 1872
Wahpeton women by Gurnsey or Hamilton
Inktomi-Ska or White Spider - Little Crow's half brother (later known as John C. Wakeham) - by Upton.
Paha-Uza-Tanka - by Whitney
Unidentified.
Unidentified on left; Te-He-Do-Ne-Cha/One Who Forbids His House on right
As above
One Who Forbids His House
And again...
And again
Unidentified & One Who Forbids His House (Tehedonecha)
Marpiya Okinajin, or 'He Who Stands in the Clouds – also known as Cut Nose - Whitney photo
Ta-O-Pee/Wounded Man and son of Old Bets/Betsey St. Clair, or Azayamankawin, who was clearly nowhere near as old as people claimed she was or she would have given birth to Ta-O-Pee in her 80s! Martin image.
Simon Anawangmani by Whitney
The Hazelwood Mission Station of Reverend Stephen R. Riggs, Yellow Medicine County, 1860
Prisoners at Fort Snelling - Upton. At the right is Nispipe (aka Ta-chun-da-hupa)
Variant on the above Upton photo
Camp Release, 1862; photo by Adrien John Ebell - though it is likely after the Battle of Wood Lake and not Camp Release. I have seen the man in the army cap identified as John Other Day...
Santee prisoners 25 October - 11 November, 1862; photo by Adrien John Ebell
Robert Hopkins Chaska and family near Dr Thomas Williamson's Pajutazee mission house, Yellow Medicine. Image by Adrien John Ebel(?)
Dakota Indians at Dr. Williamson's home (Pajutazee Mission) near Yellow Medicine; image by Adrien John Ebell, the morning the resistance broke out. While the boy may be wearing a school uniform, I suspect this is the same family featured in the image of the woman guarding the corn - see below
Women winnowing wheat at Granite Falls; published by Whitney but possibly by Adrien John Ebell, August 1862, the morning of the uprising
A Dakota woman and children guarding corn against blackbirds at the Upper Sioux Agency in Granite Falls, the morning the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862 began. Image by Adrien John Ebell, August 1862
Tipis near Fort Snelling - image by Zimmerman, circa 1870
Prisoner of war camp on Pike Island, Fort Snelling. Imaghe by Benjamin Franklin Upton, though later republished by Edward A. Bromley, as were some of the other images
Bishop Whipple holding a confirmation ceremony among the prisoners at Fort Snelling, April 1863
And again
Although this looks as if it was taken in the wilderness, I wonder if it was part of the POW camp
Dakota tipis on Fort Snelling flats
Tipis at Fort Snelling (Upton)
Mdewakanton village supposedly on the site of Bridge Square, Minneapolis, 1852. ...?
Tinkling Water or Sna Mani(?)
Sisseton women at Fort Totten - Morrow photo, circa 1870
Another Morrow image of Sisseton women
Sacred Blanket, Santee - by Morrow
Reverand Mazakute of the Church of Our Merciful Saviour, Santee, Nebraska, the first Dakota Presbyter of the Protestant Episcopal Church, circa 1870 - Morrow photo
Reverand Taopi, Santee Sioux and Episcopal Deacon at the Church of Our Merciful Saviour, Santee, Nebraska, circa 1870 - Morrow. Pretty sure this is the same Taopi as above, photographed by Martin's Gallery after the uprising
Unidentified
Unidentified
Wah-Pa-Doo-ta/Red Leaf
More to come...
