Chihenne/Chihinne - 'The Red Paint People' or 'Red People'

[Lynda Sanchez]

good source for information on Victorio. This book has now been digitzied.

And here's the link to the Hembrillo Battlefield (Victorio Wars) report on the WSMR museum website:

wsmrmuseum.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Hembrillo-Battlefield-Report-HSR-Report-9730.pdf

and for those who missed the link about Apache Warriors (some of them like Yanosha, Daklugie, Kanseah, Ishtee, Alberta Begay (Massai's daughter) telling their side to Eve Ball:
Apache Warriors tell their side to Eve Ball


Lynda

[ouroboros]

In the 1780s Spanish Colonial Government tried to exterminate the so-called Gila Apaches, mainly Chihenne and Chokonen groups. The Spaniards built a powerful alliance with Native enemies of the Chiricahua - mainly Navajos, Pueblos, Opatas, and Comanches to wipe out the Central Nde. The Chihenne and the warlike Chokonens were, however, a formidable enemy who had the advantage of fighting on their own territory. The allies suffered serious casualties fighting the Chiricahua and the plan of "exterminating the Apaches" did not work out.

As Matthew Babcock in his excellent book Apache Adaptation to Hispanic Rule, pp. 107-8 comments:

Spaniards intended to squeeze the Chokonens and Chihene Mimbres between three pincers: Spanish, O’odham (Pima), and Ópata garrisons from the south; Spanish troops, Pueblo auxiliaries, Navajos, and Utes from the north; and Comanches from the east. Not all, however, went as planned.

Ibidem, pp. 113-4.

Comanche and Navajo armed men eventually launched a series of attacks on eastern and western Apache rancherías both with Spanish forces and independently between the summer of 1786 and the summer of 1790. In practice, however, no matter how impressive these alliances appeared on paper, Comanche, Navajo, and Ute manpower contributed little to Spanish campaigns against Chihenes and Chokonens. In four joint campaigns from New Mexico in 1786 and 1787, Comanche, Spanish, Pueblo, and Navajo armed men killed or captured only twenty-five Apaches living west of the Rio Grande, while Comanches alone suffered thirteen casualties. Comanches might have been more excited about fighting alongside Spaniards had they received the quantity of weapons and supplies promised them in the 1786 treaty. Instead, because of budget limitations, Commander-in-Chief Jacobo Ugarte could only afford to furnish the most well-known chiefs with muskets, and he ordered presidial captains to supply Comanche allies with cigarros sugar, and the bare minimum of food to sustain them on their campaigns. Comanches also lost faith in the dependability of Spanish troops when Ensign Salvador Rivera’s men retreated during the heat of battle in September 1787, leaving only Comanches to fight the Chihenes. Finally, no evidence indicates that Utes served on any expeditions against the Apaches. Instead Utes and Comanches continued to attack each other after 1786, and eventually broke their unstable alliance in early 1792.

You can browse Babcock's book on google books: books.google.pl/books?id=DsjxDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4&dq=Matthew+Babcock&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL54vNqtf4AhXpl4sKHVOXDAwQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=Matthew%20Babcock&f=false

[coeurrouge]

For fellows who like to read and search

Attachments:

victorios campaign.pdf (1.72 MB)