Post by Californian on Jan 26, 2019 15:42:17 GMT -5
What is today known as the Standing Rock Indian Reservation straddling portions of North Dakota and South Dakota was originally established in 1869 as the Grand River Agency to serve the Hunkpapa, Sihásapa (Blackfeet) Lakota and Yanktonai Dakota. In 1873 the agency was moved to Fort Yates and in 1874 formally renamed Standing Rock Agency.
In the early period the following persons served as agent:
- J. A. Johnson, Acting Agent …Apr. 1869 to July 14, 1869
- Brevet Major J. A. Hearn, U. S. Ind Agt (moved to Standing Rock?) …..July 18, 1869 to Nov. 1870
- W. F. Cady, U. S. Indian Agent (moved to Standing Rock?)….Dec. 1870 to March 1871
- J. O. O’Connor, U. S. Indian Agent…… Apr. 1871 to Dec. 1872
- Edmond Palmer, U. S. Indian Agent…. Jan. 1873 to Feb. 1874
- Relieved by Moffit, Acting Agent…. Feb. 1874 to March 1874
- John Burke, U. S. Indian Agent…. April 14, 1874 to Sept. 8, 1876
- Relieved by R. C. Johnston, 1st U. S. Inf., Acting Agent ….Sept. 8, 1876 to Apr. 18, 1877
- Relieved by William T. Hughes, Acting Agent…. Apr. 18, 1877
- Relieved by Leverett M. Kelly, Acting Agent…. Sept. 21, 1878
- Relieved by Joseph A. Stephan, Acting Agent…. Oct. 21, 1878
- Relieved by James McLaughlin, U. S. Indian Agent…. Oct. 1, 1881 to March 31, 1895
- J. W. Cramsie, U. S. Indian Agent…. April 1, 1895 to March 10, 1898
- George H. Bingenheimer, U. S. Indian Agent…. March 11, 1898 to March 31, 1903
- J. H. Carrignan, U. S. Indian Agent…. April 24, 1903 to Feb. 8, 1905
- I. W. Stern, U. S. Indian Agent ….March 1, 1905 to March 31, 1906
- Colonel Downs, Special Agent in Charge…. Apr. 1, 1906 to Apr. 30, 1906
- W. L. Belden, U. S. Indian Agent…. May 1, 1906 to Dec. 4, 1908
- W. L. Belden, as Superintendent ….Dec. 5, 1908 to March 31, 1911
- James Y. Hamilton, Superintendent…. Apr. 1, 1911 to Jan. 31, 1913
- J. W. McCabe, Superintendent…. Feb. 1, 1913 to Sept. 30, 1913
- Albert H. Kneale…. Oct. 1, 1913 to Dec. 17, 1914
- G. C. Covey ….Dec. 18, 1914 to March 15, 1917
- Jas. B. Kitch…. March 16, 1917 to June 30, 1921
- Eugene D. Mossman…. July 1, 1921 to June 30, 1933
- Lorenz C. Lippert…. July 1, 1933 to…………..?
The most influential agent at Standing Rock by all accounts was James McLaughlin whose legacy, some of which controversial, is well documented. Some of McLaughlin's descendants continue to live on Standing Rock Reservation, having intermarried with the Lokata over several generations and now are enrolled members of the tribe.
On the history ...[courtesy of Wikipedia]
Together with the Hunkpapa and Sihásapa Lakota and the Yanktonai Dakota bands, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe is part of what was known as the Great Sioux Nation. The peoples were highly decentralized. In 1868 the lands of the Great Sioux Nation were reduced in the Fort Laramie Treaty to the east side of the Missouri River and the state line of South Dakota in the west. The Black Hills, considered by the Sioux to be sacred land, are located in the center of territory awarded to the tribe.
In direct violation of the treaty, in 1874 General George A. Custer and his 7th Cavalry entered the Black Hills and discovered gold, starting a gold rush. The United States government wanted to buy or rent the Black Hills from the Lakota people, but led by their spiritual leader Sitting Bull, they refused to sell or rent their lands. The Great Sioux War of 1876 was a series of battles and negotiations that occurred between 1876 and 1877, with the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne warring against the United States. Among the many battles and skirmishes of the war was the Battle of the Little Bighorn, often known as Custer's Last Stand, the most storied of the many encounters between the U.S. army and mounted Plains Native Americans. It was an overwhelming Native American victory. The U.S. with its superior resources was soon able to force the Native Americans to surrender, primarily by attacking and destroying their encampments and property. The Agreement of 1877 (19 Stat. 254, enacted February 28, 1877) officially annexed Sioux land and permanently established Native American reservations. Under the Agreement of 1877 the U.S. government took the Black Hills from the Sioux Nation. In February 1890, the United States government broke a Lakota treaty by breaking up the Great Sioux Reservation, an area that formerly encompassed the majority of the state. It reduced it and divided it into five smaller reservations. The government was accommodating white homesteaders from the eastern United States; in addition, it intended to "break up tribal relationships" and "conform Indians to the white man's ways, peaceably if they will, or forcibly if they must". On the reduced reservations, the government allocated family units on 320-acre (1.3 km2) plots for individual households.
Although the Lakota were historically a nomadic people living in tipis, and their Plains Native American culture was based strongly upon buffalo and horse culture, they were expected to farm and raise livestock. With the goal of assimilation, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they were forced to send their children to boarding schools; the schools taught English and Christianity, as well as American cultural practices. Generally, they forbade inclusion of Native American traditional culture and language. The children were beaten if they tried to do anything related to their native culture.
The farming plan failed to take into account the difficulty that Lakota farmers would have in trying to cultivate crops in the semi-arid region of South Dakota. By the end of the 1890 growing season, a time of intense heat and low rainfall, it was clear that the land was unable to produce substantial agricultural yields. As the bison had been virtually eradicated a few years earlier, the Lakota were at risk of starvation. The people turned to the Ghost Dance ritual, which frightened the supervising agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Agent James McLaughlin asked for more troops. He claimed that spiritual leader Sitting Bull was the real leader of the movement. A former agent, Valentine McGillycuddy, saw nothing extraordinary in the dances and ridiculed the panic that seemed to have overcome the agencies, saying: "The coming of the troops has frightened the Indians. If the Seventh-Day Adventists prepare the ascension robes for the Second Coming of the Savior, the United States Army is not put in motion to prevent them. Why should not the Indians have the same privilege? If the troops remain, trouble is sure to come."
Thousands of additional U.S. Army troops were deployed to the reservation. On December 15, 1890, Sitting Bull was arrested for failing to stop his people from practicing the Ghost Dance. During his arrest, one of Sitting Bull's men, Catch the Bear, fired at Lieutenant "Bull Head", striking his right side. He instantly wheeled and shot Sitting Bull, hitting him in the left side, and both men subsequently died.
The Hunkpapa who lived in Sitting Bull's camp and relatives fled to the south. They joined the Spotted Elk (also known as Big Foot) Band in Cherry Creek, South Dakota, before traveling to the Pine Ridge Reservation to meet with Chief Red Cloud. The 7th Cavalry caught them at a place called Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890. The 7th Cavalry, claiming they were trying to disarm the Lakota people, killed 300 people, including women and children at Wounded Knee.
In the early period the following persons served as agent:
- J. A. Johnson, Acting Agent …Apr. 1869 to July 14, 1869
- Brevet Major J. A. Hearn, U. S. Ind Agt (moved to Standing Rock?) …..July 18, 1869 to Nov. 1870
- W. F. Cady, U. S. Indian Agent (moved to Standing Rock?)….Dec. 1870 to March 1871
- J. O. O’Connor, U. S. Indian Agent…… Apr. 1871 to Dec. 1872
- Edmond Palmer, U. S. Indian Agent…. Jan. 1873 to Feb. 1874
- Relieved by Moffit, Acting Agent…. Feb. 1874 to March 1874
- John Burke, U. S. Indian Agent…. April 14, 1874 to Sept. 8, 1876
- Relieved by R. C. Johnston, 1st U. S. Inf., Acting Agent ….Sept. 8, 1876 to Apr. 18, 1877
- Relieved by William T. Hughes, Acting Agent…. Apr. 18, 1877
- Relieved by Leverett M. Kelly, Acting Agent…. Sept. 21, 1878
- Relieved by Joseph A. Stephan, Acting Agent…. Oct. 21, 1878
- Relieved by James McLaughlin, U. S. Indian Agent…. Oct. 1, 1881 to March 31, 1895
- J. W. Cramsie, U. S. Indian Agent…. April 1, 1895 to March 10, 1898
- George H. Bingenheimer, U. S. Indian Agent…. March 11, 1898 to March 31, 1903
- J. H. Carrignan, U. S. Indian Agent…. April 24, 1903 to Feb. 8, 1905
- I. W. Stern, U. S. Indian Agent ….March 1, 1905 to March 31, 1906
- Colonel Downs, Special Agent in Charge…. Apr. 1, 1906 to Apr. 30, 1906
- W. L. Belden, U. S. Indian Agent…. May 1, 1906 to Dec. 4, 1908
- W. L. Belden, as Superintendent ….Dec. 5, 1908 to March 31, 1911
- James Y. Hamilton, Superintendent…. Apr. 1, 1911 to Jan. 31, 1913
- J. W. McCabe, Superintendent…. Feb. 1, 1913 to Sept. 30, 1913
- Albert H. Kneale…. Oct. 1, 1913 to Dec. 17, 1914
- G. C. Covey ….Dec. 18, 1914 to March 15, 1917
- Jas. B. Kitch…. March 16, 1917 to June 30, 1921
- Eugene D. Mossman…. July 1, 1921 to June 30, 1933
- Lorenz C. Lippert…. July 1, 1933 to…………..?
The most influential agent at Standing Rock by all accounts was James McLaughlin whose legacy, some of which controversial, is well documented. Some of McLaughlin's descendants continue to live on Standing Rock Reservation, having intermarried with the Lokata over several generations and now are enrolled members of the tribe.
On the history ...[courtesy of Wikipedia]
Together with the Hunkpapa and Sihásapa Lakota and the Yanktonai Dakota bands, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe is part of what was known as the Great Sioux Nation. The peoples were highly decentralized. In 1868 the lands of the Great Sioux Nation were reduced in the Fort Laramie Treaty to the east side of the Missouri River and the state line of South Dakota in the west. The Black Hills, considered by the Sioux to be sacred land, are located in the center of territory awarded to the tribe.
In direct violation of the treaty, in 1874 General George A. Custer and his 7th Cavalry entered the Black Hills and discovered gold, starting a gold rush. The United States government wanted to buy or rent the Black Hills from the Lakota people, but led by their spiritual leader Sitting Bull, they refused to sell or rent their lands. The Great Sioux War of 1876 was a series of battles and negotiations that occurred between 1876 and 1877, with the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne warring against the United States. Among the many battles and skirmishes of the war was the Battle of the Little Bighorn, often known as Custer's Last Stand, the most storied of the many encounters between the U.S. army and mounted Plains Native Americans. It was an overwhelming Native American victory. The U.S. with its superior resources was soon able to force the Native Americans to surrender, primarily by attacking and destroying their encampments and property. The Agreement of 1877 (19 Stat. 254, enacted February 28, 1877) officially annexed Sioux land and permanently established Native American reservations. Under the Agreement of 1877 the U.S. government took the Black Hills from the Sioux Nation. In February 1890, the United States government broke a Lakota treaty by breaking up the Great Sioux Reservation, an area that formerly encompassed the majority of the state. It reduced it and divided it into five smaller reservations. The government was accommodating white homesteaders from the eastern United States; in addition, it intended to "break up tribal relationships" and "conform Indians to the white man's ways, peaceably if they will, or forcibly if they must". On the reduced reservations, the government allocated family units on 320-acre (1.3 km2) plots for individual households.
Although the Lakota were historically a nomadic people living in tipis, and their Plains Native American culture was based strongly upon buffalo and horse culture, they were expected to farm and raise livestock. With the goal of assimilation, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they were forced to send their children to boarding schools; the schools taught English and Christianity, as well as American cultural practices. Generally, they forbade inclusion of Native American traditional culture and language. The children were beaten if they tried to do anything related to their native culture.
The farming plan failed to take into account the difficulty that Lakota farmers would have in trying to cultivate crops in the semi-arid region of South Dakota. By the end of the 1890 growing season, a time of intense heat and low rainfall, it was clear that the land was unable to produce substantial agricultural yields. As the bison had been virtually eradicated a few years earlier, the Lakota were at risk of starvation. The people turned to the Ghost Dance ritual, which frightened the supervising agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Agent James McLaughlin asked for more troops. He claimed that spiritual leader Sitting Bull was the real leader of the movement. A former agent, Valentine McGillycuddy, saw nothing extraordinary in the dances and ridiculed the panic that seemed to have overcome the agencies, saying: "The coming of the troops has frightened the Indians. If the Seventh-Day Adventists prepare the ascension robes for the Second Coming of the Savior, the United States Army is not put in motion to prevent them. Why should not the Indians have the same privilege? If the troops remain, trouble is sure to come."
Thousands of additional U.S. Army troops were deployed to the reservation. On December 15, 1890, Sitting Bull was arrested for failing to stop his people from practicing the Ghost Dance. During his arrest, one of Sitting Bull's men, Catch the Bear, fired at Lieutenant "Bull Head", striking his right side. He instantly wheeled and shot Sitting Bull, hitting him in the left side, and both men subsequently died.
The Hunkpapa who lived in Sitting Bull's camp and relatives fled to the south. They joined the Spotted Elk (also known as Big Foot) Band in Cherry Creek, South Dakota, before traveling to the Pine Ridge Reservation to meet with Chief Red Cloud. The 7th Cavalry caught them at a place called Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890. The 7th Cavalry, claiming they were trying to disarm the Lakota people, killed 300 people, including women and children at Wounded Knee.
