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Post by gregor on Jan 4, 2014 10:59:02 GMT -5
Philip Joseph Deloria or Tipi Sapa (1854 – 1931?)The first-born son of Saswe was delivered in a tepee some three miles from the present-day city of Mobridge, South Dakota, in 1854. He was named Tipi Sapa, or Black Lodge, to commemorate a vision which came to Saswe one night. Later he was called Philip Joseph Deloria. In 1874 Philip Joseph Deloria became a catechist and after 1883 an Episcopal priest, aka Tipi Sapa (Black Lodge), a leader of the Yankton/Nakota band of the Sioux Nation. Tipi Sapa is featured as the first Dakota Christian minister to his own people. Among their descendants are Vine Deloria, Jr. and Ella Deloria, noted Yankton Sioux scholars and writers. Both Tipi Sapa and his father, Saswe, were baptized on Christmas Day, 1870, in the mission church at the Yankton Agency. They had already adopted white names. Saswe, being of mixed blood, was the chief of the "half-breed" segment of the Yankton Sioux. His father had been a French trapper, so Saswe decided his own name should be Francois des Lauriers. It was soon anglicized to "Frank Deloria'. His son, Tipi Sapa, adopted the white man's name of Philip Deloria following his reception into the Episcopal Church. Philip Joseph Deloria As a young man Philip Deloria had converted to Christianity and renounced his claim to chieftainship; ultimately he became one of the first two Sioux to be ordained priests in the Episcopal Church. In 1890 he was placed in charge of St. Elizabeth’s Church and boarding school, at Wakpala, South Dakota, on Standing Rock Reservation. There he came in contact with Sitting Bull and his followers. Sitting Bull, aloof and distant, ignored the efforts of Philip Deloria to convert him to Christianity. One of his converts, though, was the Hunkpapa War Chief Gall. Gall began attending services at St. Elizabeth's Church at Standing Rock. The fierce looking Sioux chieftain gave close attention to every word of Rev. Deloria's sermons. He remained stern and stone-faced, giving no indication of his inner thoughts. Philip Joseph Deloria’s wife Mary Sully "Akicitawin" (Soldier Woman) was the daughter of General Alfred Sully, the son of Thomas Sully the famous portrait painter. Sully, like his father, was a gifted watercolorist and oil painter himself. In the late 1860ies Philip’s father Saswe was most likely a scout for Alfred Sully, the later father-in-law of his son. And at last the children of the two antagonist peoples married one another. From 1856 to 57, Alfred Sully (1821 - 1879), then a captain in the regular Army, was assigned to Fort Pierre. A fun-loving Irish bachelor, Sully lost no time in taking an Indian wife for his time on the frontier. Sully chose a young Yankton girl named Pehandutawin (Red Heron Woman?). Her English name was apparently Susan. She and Alfred were married according to the Sioux rites and lived at the fort. When Susan became pregnant with Mary she returned to the Yankton Reservation. By mid-1858 she bore him a daughter, Mary or Akicitawin ("Soldier woman"). Mary saw her father once when she was three and he was being reposted and leaving the state. Mary's last memory of the General was when he called her to the fort to say goodbye before he left. She asked him to send her a china doll and that is the last she saw of him. After Sully Pehandutawin married Peter LeGrand. LeGrand was a headman of the Half-Breed Band. He represented Philip when he was unable to attend council meetings because of church business. A biography of Sully, written by Langdon Sully, his grandson, conveniently omitted Sully's alliance with Pehandutawin, although he chose to reproduce a painting Sully had done of her and another Sioux girl, with the enigmatic comment that Sully's later white wife refused to allow him to hang the portrait in their home. She was always called Akicita Woman (Soldier Woman) by tribal members, a name she deeply disliked for understandable reason. Like her paternal grandpa Mary was a skilled painter. She died in 1916. BTW: Sully was buried at Laurel (!) Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia. Is this Pehandutawin with a friend? Cropped version of a photograph of Sully’s watercolour Philip was Mary’s second husband and she had a background almost as strange as Philip's. Mary Sully had repeatedly experienced tragedy in her life. She had married a prosperous mixed-blood rancher named John Bordeaux and they had a ranch on what is now the Rosebud Reservation. They had two daughters, Annie and Rose. One day John took his family to Valentine, Nebraska, where he sold some cattle. They went into the hotel dining room to celebrate their success in the ranching business. While they were eating, some drunken cowboys came out of a saloon down the street and began shooting their pistols indiscriminately at signs and windows. A stray shot went through the window of the hotel dining room and killed John Bordeaux. In an instant, Mary was widowed with two small daughters and little else. In 1889 the first child of Philip and Mary was born: Ella Deloria. Later their family included five daughters and one son, Vine Deloria Senior. According to the 1910 census of Corson County, SD Philip married three times and Mary twice. She gave birth to 7 children of whom 5 survived.
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Post by gregor on Jan 4, 2014 10:47:51 GMT -5
Saswe or Francois Deslaurier (1816-1876)The first Episcopalian services were conducted at the Yankton Agency on July 17, 1859. That was a primitive early agency, and the Episcopal missionaries found hostile resistance from the Roman Catholic Church, already established. A Jesuit Priest, Father DeSmet, had been there well before the Protestants. What converts lived there at the future site of Fort Randall were already baptized Catholics. The remaining souls preferred their traditional life and had no interest in the story of Christianity. A Board of Indian Commissioners was convened to administer to the needs of the Indians, including their spiritual well-being. Several of the board members were selected from religious denominations, along with a number of philanthropies. The Episcopal Church was assigned seven agencies in the Dakota Territory to begin their missionary work. The call for a missionary to take charge of the Yankton Agency was answered by the Rev. Joseph W. Cook. He arrived in August 1870, and immediately hired an Indian crier to circle several miles below the agency announcing that the Episcopal Church was completed and all were invited to attend. Among those who had requested an Episcopal missionary was a Yankton chief of mixed blood, whose tribal name was Saswe, a Dakota corruption of Francois. He was the father of Tipi Sapa, destined to become the famous Philip Deloria. Saswe - also known as Francois, Francis or Frank Deloria - was a chief and a famous medicine man of the Yankton Sioux- Magaska Wicoti (White Swan Camp). In 1858 Saswe signed as “E-ha-we-cha-sha” (Hinhan Wicasa, “Owl man”) the Yankton Treaty. When visiting Washington in 1867 with Struck-by-the-Ree, he received government recognition as “Chief of the Yankton half-breed band”. About 1858 this band had been organized by agency leaders and was called the wasicu cinca (“white man’s sons” or “half-breed band”) or “8th band” of the Yanktons. Saswe became the first leader of this band. Saswe Saswe married a prominent woman of the Blackfeet Sioux band, Shihasapawin or Blackfeet Woman. She was the daughter of Bear Foot, a famous Sihasapa chief, and sister of the famous chief Mad Bear and his brothers, Walks-in-the-Wind and Tiger. Shihasapawin was a woman of great dignity and reputation, and was held in high esteem by members of her tribe. Marrying into a band so far away guaranteed that no close blood relationship existed between the couple. Saswe and his family often travelled up and down the Missouri so that his wife could spend time with her family. In the first years of their marriage Saswe and his wife became parents of three daughters; but no son. The failure to produce a man-child was a source of great unhappiness, but finally a son arrived. Altogether they had six children: Tusunkeoyedutawin (Alice), Tunkanicagewin (Anna), Wakancekiyewin (Sarah), Tipi Sapa ( Philip Joseph Deloria), Ziwina (Carrie), and Tusunkawakanwin (Euphrasia). Three of the children, Alice, Sarah, and Philip, were born on the Grand River in northern South Dakota, suggesting that Saswe's band quite frequently visited the Hunkpaps and Blackfeet Sioux. Since Saswe was a prosperous medicine man, he had two other wives, Tatedutawin and Apetuicagapinwin, by whom he had seven other children who were listed in the Yankton Mission register. It is said that he had twenty-two children, eighteen girls and four boys. Perhaps only those children who lived near him on the Yankton Reservation and were baptized by the Episcopal missionary had their names and birth places recorded. Finally in 1870 Saswe himself agreed to be baptized, and he not only became a Christian but in 1874 he also formally married Sihasapawin, the Blackfeet Sioux woman, according to the white man's way. He stopped living with the other two wives, one of whom went back to her people at Crow Creek, where most of the Yanktonais now settled.
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Post by gregor on Jan 4, 2014 10:44:53 GMT -5
In the last weeks I read Ella Cara Deloria's "Speaking of Indians", "Waterlily" and "The Dakota Way of Life". Books which are unfortunately to less known - in contrast to Vine Deloria's books. Reading these books I became interested in the Deloria family. A highly interesting family of Yankton/Hunkpapa/White descent. So i decided to write a little article on this family for a german magazine. But first of all I had to collect and to compile some information about the particular members of this family. Believing that we neglectet the Yankton branch af the Dakota / lakota family a little bit, I post some of the information I collected and compiled so far. Feel free to correct me, if I got something wrong.
The working headline of my article is
Mixed Bloods – Half Bloods - Full Bloods: The Delorias
The Delorias is a well-known name among people who are interested in American Indian history and ethnology. Today, some will remember the work of Ella Cara Deloria, an educator, ethnographer, linguist, and novelist. But the best known family member is Vine Deloria Junior. Vine was a well-known American author, professor of political science and theologian of indigenous descent. As director of the National Congress of American Indians, and member of many Native American organizations, as writer and political activist, he fought for the rights of Native American people. Admired and respected by many Native Americans and Whites alike, he was not afraid to carry the academic battles into the “enemy camp”. His weapons of choice were brainpower, wit, satire and sometimes polemic. “What is the meaning of being Indian when scrutinized by a white dominant culture through a stereotypical lens” was his lifelong topic. Deloria was the intellectual twin to street fighter and activist Russell Means. Like Means he was of Sioux descent with a long line of political leaders among his progenitors. Some of the most acknowledged Native American scholars and educators came from the Deloria family. One forebear was a French immigrant, who wrote his name in French style Des Lauriers. Who were these Des Lauriers / Delorias?
The Deslauriers –in the beginning There is little known of the beginnings of this family. In the mid 1750ies we find a Francois DesLauriers, born about 1704 in France, in Montreal. This man had a son François DeLaurier, who was born in 1748 in Canada. Francois Senior died about 1752 in Montreal. The Deloria oral history goes, that around the 1750s two orphan boys from a Huguenot family in France, Philippe and Francois were brought to America. One family tradition holds that the two brothers, worried about the religious persecutions in France, migrated from France. One brother becoming the progenitor of the Dakota Territory Deloria family. It appears that Philippe decided to remain in the Quebec / Nova Scotia / New England triangle area; Francois most likely drifted to Quebec and signed on with a fur trading expedition, operating in the great Lakes area. Maybe Francois came out to the Dakotas from Ft. Vincennes, later Fort Sackville (Indiana)? The Fort was named in honor of François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes, who was captured and burned at the stake during a war with the Chickasaw nation in 1735. It seems that the Deslauriers/Deloria story begins here in the late 1700s.
Later we find Francois DesLauriers / Des Lauriers along the Missouri. An old winter count of the Lower Yaktonais Dakota (named “John K. Bear Count” after the last keeper, but attributed to the Yanktonais chief Drifting Goose) says for the winter 1785: "Dakota winyan wan wasicun hiknayan" ("Dakota woman married a white man"). Vine Deloria Jun. believed that this man was his ancestor, the French Canadian coureur du bois (French trappers, who operated outside the legal structure of the fur trade), Francois DesLauriers. Francois stayed with the Yankton/Lower Yanktonais and married into the tribe. He settled along the Missouri and about 1784 had a son, Francois Xavier or Francis, with this Yankton Woman.
In 1819 there was apparently a French settlement on a “Des Lauriers Island” above today’s Chamberlain and below the Big Bend; long before Fort Tecumseh and later Fort Pierre were established. This Island was also called “Laurel Island” (“from Isle de Lauriers”, Laurel = Laurier). Maybe one of the Des Lauriers / Delorias had established a trading post there. And the French had a long tradition in trading with Siouan tribes - beginning in the 17th century. In one of Pierre Choteau's companies on the Missouri we find briefly a “Deslauriers” listed as partner. Was this man Francis?
Francis married Mazaicunwin, a Blackfeet Lakota woman, and their son, later known as Saswe, was born in 1816. In June 1816 William Clark and Auguste Chouteau signed at St. Louis a treaty with 8 Sioux band (“the Siouxs of the Leaf, the Siouxs of the Broad Leaf, and the Siouxs who shoot in the Pine Tops”), apparently Dakotas and possibly Yankton and/or Yanktonais. One signee was a chief Kanggawashecha, translated as “French Crow”(!), and another signee an interpreter Henry Delorier. Do we here have two members of the widely ramified DesLauriers family? Over the decades the offspring of Philippe and Francois must have spread across the West. But maybe there was another family branch from France. In 1846 we find a "Deslauriers" in Francis Parkman's Oregon Trail. Was Francois (Saswe?) the "muleteer" simply referred to as "Deslauriers" in Parkman's book? And about 1859 we find Francis Deloria (most likely Saswe) near Greenwood on the Yankton Sioux Reservation.
So, what do we have? From church registers and censuses we know the following persons:
First Generation Francois Deslauriers (? -?, in France?) He had the following child with an unknown Yankton/Lower Yanktonais woman: Francis was born about 1784, Dakota Territory, along the Missouri.
Second Generation Francis Deloria (Francois Deslauriers), born about 1784. He married Mazaicuwin (Sihasapa Lakota), abt. 1800. They had the children Mary, Julia, Francois.
Third Generation Mary, born 1802. Mary died September 15, 1873 in Deloria's Camp, Yankton Agency, Dakota Territory. Julia (Judiwin) born 1804. Julia died November 11, 1897 in Yankton Agency, Charles Mix Co, SD. She married three times. Francois (Saswe), born in Crow Creek, Dakota Territory, Fall 1816. Francis died October 19, 1876 in Wood's Camp, Yankton Agency, Dakota Territory.
Francois (Saswe)married three times. Anpetu Icagapiwin [Growing Day Woman], born in Dakota Territory 1824. She died after 1909 in Yankton Agency, Charles Mix Co, SD Tatedutawin. [Red Wind Woman] ? “Mary” Sihasapawin [Blackfoot Woman] in Greenwood, Charles Mix Co, Dakota Territory, April 27, 1873. Mary was born in Owl River, Dakota Territory 1827. Mary died September 18, 1899 in Yankton Agency, Charles Mix Co, SD.
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Post by gregor on Nov 15, 2013 7:21:25 GMT -5
A question: Was "Little Pheasant" also known as "One To Play With"? And do the above Pictures show the same man? Just a thought. What do you think? Toksha Gregor
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Post by gregor on Nov 15, 2013 7:12:58 GMT -5
Congratulations and thank you, Emily! On Monday I received my copy of "Witness". A book as thick as a Bible and a true labour of love. A mountain of information, comments, and images. A good complement to "With my own eyes". The book has its price, but is worth every Dollar, in my case every Euro. Toksha Gregor
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Post by gregor on Oct 16, 2013 7:45:50 GMT -5
Everyone who ever had the opportunity to visit the Pine Ridge Reservation, saw the difficult situation in which many Lakotas still live today. Many problems are related to the strange ownership system of the reservation lands. Joseph Stromberg has studied these issues, analyzed historical reports and laws and spoke with Lakotas all over the Rez. His analysis focuses on the historical reasons that still have an impact on today. He scrutinizes the relations between mixed bloods and full bloods, the lack of funding on the Rez, the behavior of the banking system and white land leasers. His analysis leads to recommendations on what needs to be changed to turn the tide on Pine Ridge. Stromberg’s interesting Thesis “Lands of the Lakota: Policy, Culture and Land Use on the Pine Ridge Reservation” (2010) can be found here: enst.wustl.edu/files/enst/imce/stromberg_thesis_0.pdfEnjoy! Gregor
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Post by gregor on Sept 26, 2013 7:28:30 GMT -5
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Post by gregor on Aug 20, 2013 14:57:50 GMT -5
Hi folks, thanks for your additional information! I never imagined that Fire Cloud could be such an interesting person. I think this photo should be added to this thread: If we look at the picture and the written facts, I suppose the agenda of the celebration was like this: - McLaughlin unveiled the sakred Stone - Sitting Bull talked and announced Fire Cloud and - Fire Cloud dedicated and painted the monumet Toksha Gregor
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Post by gregor on Aug 18, 2013 2:38:43 GMT -5
Hi, have you ever wondered why Fire Cloud was photographed with a paintbrush in hand - how I did for a long time? Was he a painterman on the reservation? I think this is the answer: The associated Leslie's article (January 22, 1887) says: "A Remarkable Indian Ceremony. Dedicating a Sacred Rock to Peace and Plenty. We give on page 385 and illustration of an interesting ceremony which took place in November last at Standing Rock, the Great Sioux Indian Agency, near Fort Yates, Dakota, when the 'standing rock' for which the agency was named by the dusky warriors, was unveiled. ........... In order that the 'standing rock' might be preserved as the sacred idol of the tribe, Major McLaughlin, the agent, announced to Sitting Bull and his fellow chieftains that it would be placed upon a pedestal, vailed, and on a given date, with prayers and thanksgiving, it would be unvailed to the sun god, and that ever after it should there remain, undisturbed and unmolested. The pedestal was erected, and on November 27th [1886] the chiefs and their families, followed by the entire population of the Indian city, numbering over 5, 000, filed with reverential tread to the holy spot. .......... Sitting Bull declared that none but the purest man in all the tribe should perform the sacred service. They must search and catechise until they found a man whose life had been absolutely pure, that the holy rock might lose none of its purity. A hundred chiefs had been questioned, when Fire Cloud, of Fire Heart's band, was chosen. ........ At the close of the agent's speech, Fire Cloud, ......, stepped forward, and for over an hour daubed and smeared the sacred maiden with paint, praying as he swung his brush. As interpreted, the prayer was remarkable, for it was the first time in the history of the natives that an Indian had prayed for peace. Their prayers are usually for victory with the tomahawk and scalping-knife, or for an abundance of food. But Fire Cloud prayed for peace and the purification of the Indian heart; he asked forgiveness for the sins and transgressions of his people, and promised the great Spirit that the fearless Sioux would for ever protect the holy 'standing rock.' His prayer closed with an appeal to the Great Spirit for an abundance of rain and bountiful crops in the future. A few mysterious waves of the paint-brush, several additional daubs on the face of the neck, and the ceremony was closed; ....." So far the article - I've omitted some of the disparaging comments. greetings from Germany - gregor
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Post by gregor on Jul 31, 2013 6:22:50 GMT -5
I recently found the book
White Mother to a Dark Race: [Settler Colonialism, Maternalism, and the Removal of Indigenous Children in the American West and Australia, 1880-1940] by Margaret D. Jacobs (University of Nebraska Press, 2009 / 557 pages)
I would like to recommend here.
A chapter of the book describes "The Practice of Indigenous Child Removal" [to the boarding schools] in the United States, and the role of Pratt, the churches and - new to me - the role of Indian Rights Movements and the involvement of known persons like (e.g.) Alice Fletcher, Thomas Tibbles and Susette LaFlesche. Among other things, the „subtle“ techniques are described, with which the U.S. government forced Native Americans to send their children to boarding school. A chapter of history that still raises rage. But also sad - the role and participation of individual "converted" Native Americans, who absorbed Pratt's position or as teachers preached his „gospel“. One teacher of Arikara origin boasted in her later years: „I have preached the gospel of soap“. A sentence, that says it all. Sad, sad, sad.
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Post by gregor on Jul 17, 2013 8:32:27 GMT -5
Sybille or Sibille seems have to been a very enterprising man. Hugh M. Lewis mentions Sybille in his Book „Robidoux Chronicles: Ethnohistory Of The French-american Fur Trade“ that „one John Sybille …invited Chief Bull Bear to trade at Fort Laramie“…(page 156). Lewis‘ source also seems to be Lt. James H. Simpson. In the „Annals of Wyoming“ we also find a „John Sybille [Sibille] and [his partner] David Adams ….. taking their first trading outfit westward out the "Oregon Trail" route to the Laramie River fork area, arriving with their company by mid-November. Sybille and Adams were free-lance traders, having been issued their first license at Saint Louis on July 31 to trade on Laramie's fork and the Cheyenne and Wind rivers.“ see archive.org/stream/annalsofwyom49121977wyom/annalsofwyom49121977wyom_djvu.txtAnd in the Chapter „THE BORDEAUX STORY“ of the „Annals of Wyoming“ (page 125) Sybille was mentioned again: „When the American Fur Company became firmly established at its famous trading post at the mouth of the Laramie River, in the '30's, it sent John Sybille and a companion to the Black Hills of the Dakotas to invite the Sioux to the fort to trade. Chief Bull Bear, with one hundred lodges of his people, accepted the invitation.“ see archive.org/stream/annalsofwyom26121954wyom/annalsofwyom26121954wyom_djvu.txtIn the „National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form“ we find a lot of Sybilles business activities. E.g.: „In April 1842, Lupton sold the post [Fort Platte to John Sybille and David Adams. The pair placed Joseph Bissonette and John Richard in charge of post operations. Bissonette and Richard figured prominently in the early operations of the post, as several travelers refer to Fort Platte as Fort Bissonette or Richard Fort. Sybille and Adams either rebuilt or remodeled the post after their purchase, with renovations being completed in October. The competition from Fort John proved too stiff for Sybille and Adams, as they too sold the post. In August of 1843, Bernard Pratte Jr. and John Charles Cabanne purchased Fort Platte“. see wyoshpo.state.wy.us/pdf/MPD_Final.pdfIn the „HISTORY OF SAINT LOUIS CITY AND COUNTY (Volume II)“ of J. Thomas Scharf, we find a „ Capt. John Sibille, a veteran of the war of 1812“ on page 1082. see libsysdigi.library.uiuc.edu/oca/Books2007-10/historyofsaintlov/historyofsaintlov2scha/historyofsaintlov2scha_djvu.txtIn John E. Sunder‘s „The Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri, 1840-1865“ John Sibille is also to find.
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Post by gregor on Jul 14, 2013 15:31:30 GMT -5
If I could see a photo of both Cullah and the purported Taza in it, I might be convinced. The side by side photos showing Cullah on each side with the purported Taza between give me the impression that the purported Taza looks an awful lot like Cullah. Cullah has wavy hair that is unusual and is also in the central photo, and the shape of the mouth and chin seems to be the same. The photo of Noche has long been misidentified as Taza, to the extent that it was used as a model for the image on Taza's gravestone that was put on Taza's grave in the Congressional Cemetery in D.C. (by the local Indian Society sometime in the 1970's, I think) Hi, here are two photographs of Noche, which have been shot about 1886: Both captions say "Notchi" (aka Noche), Chiricahua. greetings from germany Gregor
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Post by gregor on Jun 30, 2013 5:37:19 GMT -5
Standing: F. H. Sharman, James Russell, Jason Betzinez, Asa Daklugie, Eugene Chihuahua, Miss. McMillon. Center: Clay Domeah, Benedict Johze, James Kaywaykla, Miss. Adkisson, Viola (Massai) Chihuahua, Fred Godeley. Front row: Miss. Hawkins, Marcellus Bezhahun, Miss. Erving, James Nickolas, and Ramona (Chihuahua) Daklugie with her baby Maude Adkisson Daklugie. I think photo was taking in 1905-1906. This group are "active church members" of Dutch Reformed Church mission. See - H. Henrietta Stockel: 'On the bloody road to Jesus: Christianity and the Chiricahua Apaches', p.p. 183-184 Hi, found this wonderfull photograph of Jason Betzinez on the net. Must have been made in the fifties, or? Gregor
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Post by gregor on Jun 22, 2013 14:36:37 GMT -5
Mon cher ami coeurrouge, back from Arizona & New Mexico, I read your Post. Sorry, if I stepped on your toes. Yes, I wrote a little booklet of 140 pages about the Apache war captivity (about 80 pages text, 20 pages listing with comments, 20 pages short bios and notes - and I started 3 years ago) . My Intention was to keep the memory of the event and the people alive, particular here in Germany, where is little known about the Apache war captivity. To be honest, I never thought that the Data of a List , which has been collected by the US Army/Government and published in smaller or bigger parts by different writers in the past - e.g. Lummis (1886), Sabin (Doku Novel / 1918), Opler (1938), Thrapp (1967), Faulk (1969), Sonnichsen (1986), Ball (1988), Turcheneske (1997), Debo (1976 / !), Kraft (2000 / !), Gatewood / Kraft (1880ies/ 2005), Stockel (2006), Sweeney (2012) and others - could cause trouble. By the Way, I quoted my sources (including . But I See your point, it would have been better to ask. Mea culpa. Sorry. Wasn’t it Picasso, who said: To copy is the highest form of recognition? Mail me your Adress and I send you a copy of the Book to restore l'amitié français-allemand (the french-german friendship). Gregor
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Post by gregor on May 7, 2013 12:24:43 GMT -5
Hi from Germany, you can read Alberta Begay's story in Eve Ball's Indeh: An Apache Odyssey, starting on page 248. From page 255 to the end of this chapter she relates her parents history. Gregor
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