|
Red Dog
Nov 29, 2015 13:10:01 GMT -5
Post by ephriam on Nov 29, 2015 13:10:01 GMT -5
Dietmar: This is an issue of chronology and geography -- Hamilton would not have had the opportunity to photograph either the Oglala or the Brule delegations in 1872. The Oglala delegation headed out first, departing Pine Bluffs, Wyoming, on May 17, 1872. (Pine Bluffs is a station on the Union Pacific line east of Cheyenne and due south of the sod Red Cloud Agency.) They traveled east on the train through Omaha and reached Washington, D.C. on May 22. After their time in Washington, they went to New York City, and then returned to Omaha to take the train west, again disembarking at Pine Bluffs on June 17, 1872. At no time on this trip did Red Cloud and his group go up the Missouri River, so they would never have been near Sioux City to have been photographed. Instead of being in Washington, D.C. at the same time as they had done in 1870 (creating some conflict), the Brule delegation went to the capital separately this time, waiting until after the Oglala had returned. This time, they did not travel down the Missouri as they had before; instead, they came in to Fort Laramie where Col. John E. Smith joined them on their trip. They arrived in Cheyenne on July 16; passed through Omaha on the following day; and arrived in Washington D.C. on July 22. After D.C., they traveled to Philadelphia, New York City and finally St. Louis before returning. I do not have details about their trip home but presumably they traveled the same way to Cheyenne, again, not passing through Sioux City where they could have been photographed. Meanwhile at the same time as the Brule delegation, Agent Daniels, Red Dog and the others headed to Fort Peck for the treaty negotiations. They departed Cheyenne on July 10, heading west on the railroad to Corinne, Utah, and then headed north by stage or wagon to Helena and Fort Benton; then downriver by steamer to Fort Peck. After the council, instead of returning by the way they came, the Oglala group headed downriver on the steamer SIOUX CITY. They arrived in the town of Sioux City on Aug. 26. The local paper noted that the group included Dr. Daniels (the agent), Joseph Bissonette (interpreter), Red Dog and his daughter. However, there was no mention of Long Wolf or Wolf Ears, suggesting that perhaps they had separated for some reason and were traveling a different manner. Presumably Red Dog was photographed by Hamilton either Aug. 26 or the morning of Aug. 27. After that, he departed Sioux City and eventually returned to the Red Cloud Agency, presumably taking the train to Pine Bluffs again. The third Sioux delegation to D.C. was the upper Missouri tribes, from Grand River (later Standing Rock) and the Fort Peck/Milk River Agency. They were to originally have come down on the steamer named SIOUX CITY with Red Dog, however, the group was still waiting for several individuals to join the delegation, in particular from the non-treaty Hunkpapa. So this delegation departed later than Red Dog, embarking on the steamer ESPERANZA and arriving in Sioux City on the afternoon of Sept. 9, two weeks after Red Dog had already left. The delegation left early the next afternoon for D.C.. According to a note in the Sioux City Journal, Hamilton photographed this delegation that morning before their departure "and this was something of a new experience." They returned home in October. So based on this, we can say: - The Oglala delegation, including Red Dog, was photographed in D.C. in May 1872.
- Red Dog was probably photographed in Salt Lake City by Charles W. Carter on about July 11-12, 1872.
- The Brule delegation including Spotted Tail was photographed in D.C. in late July 1872.
- Red Dog was photographed in Sioux City by James H. Hamilton on Aug. 26 or Aug. 27, 1872.
- The Upper Missouri delegation was photographed in Sioux City by Hamilton on the morning of Sept. 10, 1872.
- The Upper Missouri delegation was photographed in Washington D.C. in late Sept. or early Oct., 1872.
Does that seem like a reasonable reconstruction? So based on this, I would expect to find a portrait of Red Dog's daughter by Hamilton, but no other Oglala or Brule portraits. Cheers, ephriam
|
|
|
Red Dog
Nov 29, 2015 16:07:36 GMT -5
Post by Dietmar on Nov 29, 2015 16:07:36 GMT -5
|
|
|
Red Dog
Nov 29, 2015 16:43:42 GMT -5
Post by kingsleybray on Nov 29, 2015 16:43:42 GMT -5
Ephriam wrote above: " However, there was no mention of Long Wolf or Wolf Ears, suggesting that perhaps they had separated for some reason and were traveling a different manner." Read more: amertribes.proboards.com/thread/330/red-dog#ixzz3suvtr7bkThere is a report in the Red Cloud Agency Letters Received By the Bureau of Indian Affairs file, Agent Daniels to Commissioner Indian Affairs, January 28, 1873, which includes a lengthy account by Wolf Ears. He left the Agent Daniels-Red Dog-High Wolf party "at Grand River Agency saying at the time that he was going to visit all the Indians out north and tell them what he had seen and the wishes of the Great Father." He describes visiting the Northern Nation Lakotas, the non-treaty hunting bands including the Hunkpapas of Sitting Bull and No Neck, and the Miniconjous of Lame Deer. He spent the whole fall and early winter on his mission, arriving home at the Red Cloud Agency late in January 1873. He doesn't mention High Wolf, so his activities are not clear to me. High Wolf was back at Red Cloud Agency by October 21st, 1872, the date of a demonstration at the agency by warriors opposed to the American presence. Agent Daniels noted the presence of High Wolf and other chiefs who used their influence to calm matters down. Agent Daniels got back to Red Cloud Agency from the trip down the Missouri river on September 1st, 1872. He remarked that the party left Fort Peck on August 14. Red Dog was probably travelling with Daniels. At any rate another report, dated September 11th, transcribes a long speech given by Red Dog "to his people and the Cheyennes" on September 4th, soon after returning from the Montana trip. The council was called by Blue Horse, the Loafer (Wagluhe) band chief, who also hosted a feast for the large gathering. Red Dog spoke for moving the agency to White river, as agreed earlier in the year, but five days later Red Cloud made a speech against the move. This shows that Red Dog's relation to Red Cloud fluctuated. In 1875 he was viewed as Red Cloud's spokesman; in 1872 that was manifestly not the case. Anyway, fantastic work by Dietmar and Ephriam on the photos -- great you unearthed that picture of Red Dog's daughter from Sioux City. A very high class Lakota lady! I have some interesting data on Red Dog's role in the 1868 treaty preliminaries, and will pursue more questions with contacts at Pine Ridge. We wondered when he married .. his maybe eldest son and namesake was aged 44 in the 1890 census, so born c. 1845-46. Maybe he married in 1842 or 1843? He was living with the Oyuhpe by summer 1842 (the Sun Dance he participated in), and possibly before the end of 1841 (when he might have made the pledge to put on the Dance). His commitment to the Oyuhpe was strong, he always lived with that band after his marriage. But he retained strong links to the northern Lakotas. He was at Fort Rice in 1865. General J. E. Smith, the c/o at Ft Laramie reported in 1871 that Red Dog had the widest acquaintance with the Hunkpapa and other northern divisions. Anyway, happy we've reactivated this thread about a great Oglala.
|
|
|
Post by ephriam on Nov 29, 2015 17:07:06 GMT -5
Dietmar: Great image of Red Dog's daughter. I have not seen this one before. However, it is not from 1872. This was taken in 1877 at the Spotted Tail Agency. Compare the background and set up from your photograph to the montage below of other known portraits that Hamilton took at the Spotted Tail Agency in 1877.
|
|
|
Red Dog
Nov 29, 2015 17:30:12 GMT -5
Post by Dietmar on Nov 29, 2015 17:30:12 GMT -5
Yes, I agree. A couple of new ones in your last collage though. It´s Black Crow in the center, isn´t it? The man in the lower right corner is too small to recognize. The two pictures of Spotted Tail´s daughters (3rd picture middle row, 2nd picture lower row) are also posted in our D.S. Mitchell thread, certainly incorrectly.
|
|
|
Red Dog
Nov 29, 2015 18:06:34 GMT -5
Post by ephriam on Nov 29, 2015 18:06:34 GMT -5
In the montage, they are: Top row, L to R: Spotted Tail, Two Strike, Roman Nose Middle: Touch the Clouds, Black Crow, unidentified Bottom: Spotted Tail's daughters, Dove Eye, and "Sioux Dancer"
Yes, D. S. Mitchell "stole" several of Hamilton's photographs and reprinted them as part of his series.
ephriam
|
|
|
Red Dog
Nov 30, 2015 5:12:43 GMT -5
Post by kingsleybray on Nov 30, 2015 5:12:43 GMT -5
William Fills the Pipe, one of Red Dog's grandsons, told John Colhoff some important details about his grandfather. "My grandfather was originally a Hunkpapa, but he married a Oyuhpe woman and stayed altogether with the Oyuhpes." He mentions the 1870 Oglala delegation to Washington, on which Red Cloud and Red Dog both travelled. Then, after the second delegation trip in 1872, "my grand[father] was to visit all Indians, friend or foe, to ask for peace. So when he came back from Washington, Red Dog my grandfather and High Wolf and Wolf Ears, these three went on a Mission trip to all Indians for Peace. To the Utes, Bannocks, Shoshonis, Blackfeets, Crows, etc. It took six months [sic] to make the trip. They brought back a Sioux woman who was captive. Her picture hangs in Crawford Museum now." Don't know if that Crawford, NE, lead would be of any use, Ephriam? Since Tom Buecker left Ft Robinson I don't have contacts there.
These details are in a letter, undated (but spring 1949), from John Colhoff to my late friend Joseph Balmer. With it John illustrated a shield carried by Red Dog in war against the Crows and other enemy tribes in the 1850s - that decade was specified. I don't have a copy of the picture. The shield design was of an eagle.
Ephriam and I wondered about Red Dog's transition to chieftainship. I will try to get some more leads on that. In early 1864 Red Dog carried the war pipe about among the Teton camps in the Powder River Country, to unite against the USA, according to the George Sword mss, Colorado Hist. Soc. He was wounded in the Fetterman battle, December 21, 1866. My feel is that it was during the Bozeman Trail War, and focussing on 1867, that he makes a transition from warrior to civil leadership. Just possibly he was made one of the wakichunze (Deciders, camp leaders) when the Oyuhpe band regathered in spring 1867? This perhaps connects with the Maka-icu tiyospaye leadership going to him after the retirement or death of his father-in-law, His Horse is Visible. In other words, he became the headman of one of the constituent sub-bands (50-100+ people) of the larger Oyuhpe band (6-700 people), then the band council (focussed on the Ska Yuha society, possibly) selected him to serve as one of the four (or two, or six ... take your pick as political conditions changed) Deciders co-ordinating band activities for the year.
More on 1868 matters to follow. Let me say a I Got It Wrong! Early on on these boards I suggested that the sub-band name Maka-icu (Takes the Earth) might be a late one, reflecting Red Dog's pro-treaty (land sessions) position. New information from very knowledgeable Oglala sources negates that. Maka-icu was a very old grouping, originally (pre-1710) a part of the Hunkpatila band. The Hunkpatilas are a very old group, and were always on the prairie (unlike most other Oglala sub-groups, who came out from the woodlands). In 1710 the Hunkpatila band diverged, probably connected to the succession of a new chief (Buffalo Shield), with the Oyuhpe moving off. The Maka-icu from 1710 forward were a constituent sub-band of the Oyuhpe. Red Dog, born a Hunkpapa Lakota, married into its leading family in the first half of the 1840s.
|
|
|
Red Dog
Nov 30, 2015 6:13:40 GMT -5
Post by ephriam on Nov 30, 2015 6:13:40 GMT -5
Interesting about Fills the Pipe's mention of Red Dog bringing a Sioux captive back with him. I know the director of the Crawford Museum; I will give him a call and see if he knows anything about the photograph. It is curious to note that the first newspaper accounts of Red Dog's mission never mention a daughter accompanying him but the later newspaper accounts as he is returning down the Missouri River do mention her. Makes you wonder if in fact this is the captive that William referred to. Did Red Dog help protect her by adopting her into his family? Would be interesting to know more about her story.
We also have a few hints of Red Dog's early years as a warrior from some ledger art illustrating Red Dog's exploits from the Garrick Mallery Collection at the Smithsonian, drawn by two different artists. One drawing shows Red Dog being struck with a bow and a spear, and wounded in the side when two arrows penetrated his shield, when attacked by the Gros Ventres [Hidatsa] in 1835. Another shows him fighting a Pawnee during which he (Red Dog) was shot with an arrow in the abdomen dated to 1838. The next drawing shows Red Dog capturing seven horses from the Pawnee in 1839, during which he was wounded by an arrow in the leg. And there is one of Red Dog attacking a Mandan village at night, when "he shot through three tents and killed four Indians in 1843." Finally, there is a drawing of him killing a Crow man and woman in 1854. This set of drawings also includes one of Black Crow striking a Pawnee on the head with a sabre in 1858 (Is there a connection between Black Crow and Red Dog?)
When you add his performance of the Sun Dance, Red Dog's body must have bore many scars from his life as a warrior prior to becoming a Lakota ambassador!
ephriam
|
|
|
Red Dog
Nov 30, 2015 11:36:50 GMT -5
Post by kingsleybray on Nov 30, 2015 11:36:50 GMT -5
Red Dog was a great orator, and he played the part to the hilt. During an informal meeting with the Black Hills Commission in 1875 he said: "There was a man walking upon the shores of the Missouri, and the nations trembled. That man was Red Dog. There was a man who was walking by the Platte and the earth shook. He was Red Dog. And there is a man who treads the banks of the White River and the tribes listen and obey, and he is Red Dog." New York Herald,Sept. 22, 1875.
His remarks refer back to the making of the Treaty of 1868. He said he made the treaty with the USA, and that he had made both Red Cloud and Spotted Tail chiefs. "At that tome I located the Indians on the Missouri river. Having done so much for the Indians, Spotted Tail was made jealous of me. I retired to the wilderness for a time. Afterward I went down to the Platte, and sent for Gen. Smith. He came. I took him with me to Washington, where I saw the President." Fort Dodge Messenger, Sept. 30, 1875.
This has to be taken with a bucket of salt, but there is winter count evidence that Red Dog did try to secure an end to the war over winter 1867-68, carrying a flag (and government messages) around the camps in the Powder River Country. Through March and early April 1868 there was a growing consensus among the Oglalas for attending treaty talks at Fort Laramie, ahead of the military abandonment of the Bozeman Trail posts. Red Dog's role in the diplomacy is not officially recorded, but I think we can detect it. According to Alex Adams (Oglala) Crazy Horse shot the horse of the camp herald after he announced an end to hostilities. My hunch at this stage is that the herald was Red Dog. Then in late April consensus began to unravel when doubt was cast over military promises to close the Bozeman Trail. The Oyuhpe band council decided to defer attending talks until after the Fort Laramie sessions - advising the Peace Commission through Oglala envoy American Horse that they would attend Round 2 talks on the Missouri river.
I suggest much of what Red Dog talked about in 1875 refers to this sequence of events.He then says he went into the wilderness - and indeed the Oyuhpes remained in the Powder River Country until spring 1870 -- exactly as he says, coming down to the Platte at the time the first Oglala delegation to Washington was arranged. Crazy Horse shot the herald's pony a second time according to Alex Adams -- and I suggest the context is the prep. for the delegation (smacking too much of compromise for CH) and Red Dog is the herald once again -- a sell-out in Crazy Horse's opinion!
So his status as eyapaha (herald), proclaiming council decisions in 1868 through 1870, is what Red Dog is bragging about in his speech to the 1875 Commissioners. As herald, he was the voice of the Oglala people, speaking to and for them. As an influential member of the council he had influence in shaping their decisions. He made them public. And I suggest it is quite probable that he played a part in the council's (Ska Yuha society) elevation of Red Cloud after the abandonment of the Bozeman posts. (His role in Spotted Tail's being made a chief? -- seems more problematic-to-dubious.)
This is provisional -- and I hope Ephriam has things to add and debate!
|
|
|
Red Dog
Nov 30, 2015 14:44:46 GMT -5
Post by grahamew on Nov 30, 2015 14:44:46 GMT -5
Interesting. The 'daughter' looks quite old and not at all like the daughter photographed by Godkin (who, I assume, is the same one photographed by Choate a few years later). Is the Red Dog photographed by Curtis, the son?
|
|
|
Red Dog
Feb 20, 2017 5:52:40 GMT -5
Post by Dietmar on Feb 20, 2017 5:52:40 GMT -5
Found this in the online archive of the Marquette University... another son of Red Dog?:
|
|
|
Red Dog
Feb 20, 2017 6:48:52 GMT -5
Post by kingsleybray on Feb 20, 2017 6:48:52 GMT -5
thanks for the image, Dietmar. Indeed, in the 1890 Pine Ridge census, Red Dog's Maka-icu band is listed within the Wounded Knee District. Red Dog was dead then, but his sons Red Dog jr (age 44 - born c. 1845/46), and Kills a Hundred (age 37, born c. 1852/53) are included in the tally of the band, which numbered 83 people in 19 families.
The family of Arrow Wound (Wan on opi) is included as well. He is noted as age 27, so a younger son of Red Dog, born c. 1862/63. Living in the same household, probably a log cabin by this stage, were his sister Crown, Pecoka (age 24, born c. 1865-66); and two cousins One Elk (age 34), and Goes Out of the Pine (age 8). Very significantly his mother Slow, Hunke sni win, age 76, is listed. So she was a widow of old Red Dog's, born about 1815-16.
|
|
|
Red Dog
Aug 29, 2019 16:42:00 GMT -5
Post by Dietmar on Aug 29, 2019 16:42:00 GMT -5
Ephriam in his post of November 29., 2015, has described the routes taken by the various Sioux delegations after their stay in Washington in 1872. As he has also written, Red Dog apparently traveled on in company of his daughter. He and some other delegates were photographed in Sioux City by James Hamilton, but a portrait of his daughter was missing. Now look at this stereograph by Hamilton now on Ebay: Although labeled "Yellow Breast & daughter", this is rather the missing portrait of Red Dog and his daughter:
|
|
|
Red Dog
Aug 30, 2019 9:07:20 GMT -5
Post by ephriam on Aug 30, 2019 9:07:20 GMT -5
Very cool. What a great find!
Ephriam
|
|
|
Red Dog
Aug 30, 2019 10:15:54 GMT -5
Post by grahamew on Aug 30, 2019 10:15:54 GMT -5
I see the guy has posted a few more Hamiltons! Interesting.
|
|