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Post by Dietmar on Aug 6, 2009 18:16:27 GMT -5
1872 Sioux Delegation membersThis is my listing of the members of the various Sioux delegations that visited Washington in 1872, compiled from various sources: Oglala delegation:Red Cloud Red Dog Lone Wolf Ear of Corn (wife of Lone Wolf) Big Foot White Hawk (wife of Big Foot) Afraid of Eagle Blue Horse Stabber Dirty Face or Dirt Face Good Buffalo Poor Elk or Lean Elk Two Elks High Wolf Coyote or Wolf Coyote Hard Heart Slow Bull Little Wound Red Leaf All above except the last two delegates were photographed by Alexander Gardner for his famous series of portraits. According to different sources the Oglala delegation consisted of 27 to 30 delegates, so actually the list must be longer. Brule delegation (Sichangu):Spotted Tail (wife of Spotted Tail) Gassy aka Talks Much Whitewash his Face Charge on the Hawk Two Strike (wife of Two Strike) Black Crow One who runs the Tiger Bald Eagle Thigh or Thigh Bone or Little Thigh (wife of Thigh) Black Bull No Flesh Iron Shell Wicked Bear Yellow Hair White Eyes Swift Bear White Thunder Grand River Agency delegation:Blackfoot (Sihasapa):Grass Sitting Crow Iron Scare Hunkpapa:Running Antelope Bear´s Rib Iron Horn Walking Shooter (aka Belly Fat) Thunder Hawk Lower Yanktonai:Two Bears Bull´s Ghost Mad Bear Upper Yanktonai:Big Head Black Eye Big Razor or Razee The delegation was accompanied by agent J. C. O’Connor, agency physician Dr. S. S. Turner and interpreters John Bregnier (Brughier?) and the Sioux Matilda (Eagle Woman That All Look At) Galpin. Milk River Agency delegation:Hunkpapa:Bloody Mouth Lost Medicine Black Horn Bull Rushes Upper Yanktonai / Hunkpati (Cut Head):Medicine Bear Afraid of Bear Man who packs the Eagle aka Eagle Man (wife of Man who packs the Eagle) Bear´s Nose Skin of the Heart or Heart Skin Red Lodge Red Thunder Good Hawk Walking Crane or Gray Crane Walking Yellow Eagle Many Horns Black Eye Long Fox Black Catfish & Brandishes his War-Club Walking They were accompanied by the Milk River agent Andrew J. Simmons and an interpreter, William Benoiste. Of the thirty-three members in the Milk River and Grand River agency delegations, all but two—Black Catfish and Brandishes His War Club Walking, were not photographed by Gardner.The Gardner portraits of the delegations can be easily found at the Archives of the Smithsonian Insitution: www.siris.si.edu/Please add or correct anything you can. Thanks.
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Post by Dietmar on Aug 6, 2009 18:19:17 GMT -5
(a) The Red Cloud or Ogallala Sioux. – This delegation consisted of thirty Indians. The chiefs were Red Cloud and Red Dog, (their second visit to Washington,) Little Wound, Red Leaf, and Blue Horse. The ostensible object of the visit of the delegation was to effect, without the use of force, the removal of the Red Cloud agency from its temporary location on the North Platte River to some point within the Great Sioux Reservation. The opposition of Red Cloud and his people to this removal has its root, not in any preference for the present location, which is indeed uuinviting and inconvenient, but in the fear that their retirement from the Platte will be in effect, at least in the result, the surrender of the left bank of that stream, to which these Indians cling with the greatest determination. The Department in inviting the delegation was, however, more particularly influenced by the desire to impress the Ogallalas with a sense of the power of the Government, in view of the approach of the Northern Pacific Railroad to the rich hunting-grounds of these Indians upon the Powder River. The Red Cloud Sioux form the nearest and most natural re-enforcement, in case of war, to the "hostile camps" of the Upper Missouri. The visit of the delegation, though it has neither resulted in the removal of the agency this fall, nor prevented a great deal of insolence and some violence on the part of these Indians, both at the agency and toward the surveying parties of the Northern Pacific Railroad, is believed to have had a real and considerable effect, both in the way of making progress toward the accomplishment of the wish of the Department in the former direction, and in restraining this large and warlike band from joining in the attacks on the military expeditions to the headwaters of the Yellowstone. A score or two of young braves are believed to constitute all the re-enforcement received by Spotted Eagle and "The Gall," the chiefs who are understood to have led the night attacks on Major Baker and Colonel Stanley, out of the camps of the Ogallalas. (b) Spotted Tail's band of Brulé Sioux. – This delegations consisted of twenty Indians. The chiefs were Spotted Tail, Two-Strike, Swift Bear, and Iron-Shell. The object of inviting this delegation was to arrange amicably for the removal of the so-called "Whetstone" agency from the headwaters of the White River to the forks of that river, near its junction with the Missouri, and also to confirm the friendship of the Brulé Sioux toward the Government in view of the disaffection of the Ogallalas, and the possibility of an early collision. The visit is reported as having been in a high degree successful. The Indians gave a cordial assent to the wishes of the Department in respect to the e removal of the agency, to which they had previously manifested great repugnance, and since their return have shown none but the best disposition toward the Government. (...) (e) The Grand River and Fort Peck Indians. – This double delegation was brought to this city by the commissioners who visited the Upper Missouri for the Pacification of the roving Sioux. It consisted of fifteen Indians from the Grand River agency, the principal chief of each of the three bands of Sioux attached to that agency being present, and of nineteen Indians from the vicinity of Fort Peck, and from the hunting-grounds west and south. The absence of Sitting Bull and Black Moon, the most influential chiefs of the "hostile camps," prevented that complete success which had been hoped for from the visit of this delegation; but the Indians thus brought to Washington were genuine Indians, out of the hostile camps, and of no mean reputation and influence among the "implacables." Their visit to Washington cannot fail to produce a decided effect by reducing the number of those who stand out agains the progress of the railroad, even if it does not wholly withdraw the roving bands from their position of antagonism to the Government.
from: Smith to Secretary of the Interior, 1 November 1872, in United States, Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary for the Year 1872 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1872), 91-105, NADP Document R872001F.
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Post by Dietmar on Feb 8, 2010 14:43:28 GMT -5
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Post by Dietmar on Apr 14, 2011 10:41:57 GMT -5
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Post by Dietmar on Dec 18, 2011 18:22:30 GMT -5
I just found an article of the New York Times (May 19, 1872) which gives more names of the Oglala delegation of 1872. On the 19th of May the delegates were still enroute to Washington and had a brief stay in Omaha: Red Cloud Red Dog(leading chiefs) Little Wound Blue Horse High Wolf(chiefs) Fast Bull Little Wolf Red Fox Afraid-of-the-Eagle Good Buffalo Thunder Hawk Red Leaf Hawkeagle Two Elk Big Foot Lone Wolf Poor Elk High Bear Daylight Stabber Blue Shield Carry-Crow-on-his-Head Hard-Heart Cayotte [Coyote] Dirt Face(head men of the Ogallala band) It also says: "Lone Wolf is accompanied by his favorite wife, "Ear of Corn", and Big Foot with his squaw, White Jenny." "They were under charge of DR. DANIELS, an Episcopal clergyman,agent for the Ogallalah band of Sioux, with JULES E. COFFEE, trader, NICHOLAS JAYNIS and JOE BISONETTE, interpreters." So here we have some new names, although Fast Bull possibly is a mistranslation of Slow Bull. Red Fox already had been a delegate with Red Cloud in 1870. Daylight should be the Wazhazha sub-chief.
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Post by Dietmar on Nov 29, 2015 16:16:37 GMT -5
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Post by Dietmar on Nov 2, 2018 6:50:36 GMT -5
I recently have searched the Library of Congress online archives for more newspaper accounts on the 1872 Sioux delegations. Additional names of the Brule/Sicangu delegation turned up in several articles. First, the name of Roaster in those listings supports my earlier believe, that he and Bald Eagle are the same person. Bald Eagle aka Roaster (Roast), 1872 by A. Gardner Two more names are mentioned, that are not already in our initial list: Spotted Eagle and Crooked Foot. As Crooked Foot is listed as an delegate while delegation member Gassy (aka Talks Much) is not, I assume this is probably another name for Gassy. I haven´t found anything about Spotted Eagle, who seems to be an additional delegate, who was not photographed by Gardner on that 1872 trip. So my tentative list for the 1872 Brule delegation looks like this: Spotted Tail (wife of Spotted Tail) Gassy aka Talks Much (probably aka Crooked Foot) Whitewash his Face Charge on the Hawk Two Strike (wife of Two Strike) Black Crow One who runs the Tiger Bald Eagle aka Roaster Thigh or Thigh Bone or Little Thigh (wife of Thigh) Black Bull No Flesh Iron Shell Wicked Bear Yellow Hair White Eyes Swift Bear White Thunder Spotted Eagle
interpreters: Charles E. Gueru, Todd Randall, Jules. E. Coffee
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Post by kingsleybray on Nov 2, 2018 14:43:30 GMT -5
thanks Dietmar, that's very interesting. There is a report in the Whetstone Agency correspondence that does not name all the delegates, but it does make clear that the Sicangu themselves considered the main delegates to be Spotted Tail, Swift Bear, Two Strike, and Iron Shell. Those were considered in some sense 'chiefs', while the other delegates were headmen/elders (like Bald Eagle pictured above), prominent warriors and akicita (like White Eyes, nb a son of Little Thunder), and eminent women - specifically the wives of Spotted Tail, Two Strike, and Thigh. The presence of women in peace delegations - intertribal as well as interethnic like this example -- helped legitimize the credentials of these parties.
Btw information I've gathered this year shows that Black Crow (Spotted Tail's son-in-law) had been made a Shirt Wearer by the Sicangu council in 1868.
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Post by carlo on Nov 3, 2018 6:34:39 GMT -5
Btw information I've gathered this year shows that Black Crow (Spotted Tail's son-in-law) had been made a Shirt Wearer by the Sicangu council in 1868. Kingsley, was this together with Crow Dog, Looking Horse, and Big Star? They all seemed to have been instated by Spotted Tail, interesting that he would advance his son-in-law. Read more: amertribes.proboards.com/thread/1579/shirt-wearers?page=3#ixzz5Vn3PXdDr
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Post by kingsleybray on Nov 4, 2018 5:40:44 GMT -5
that's right Carlo, Black Crow, Crow Dog, Looking Horse, and Big Star were made Shirt Wearers by the Sicangu council at the Sun Dance village on Republican river in late June-July 1868, a couple of months after the Sicangu (Brules) signed the Treaty of Ft Laramie. I don't necessarily agree that they were 'instated by Spotted Tail'. In August, when a new war opened up on the central plains, all four Shirt Wearers stayed with the Two Strike camp of Brules, refusing to go to the new Whetstone Agency on the Missouri. Spotted Tail and Swift Bear led the group which agreed to go to Whetstone.
The information I have is that Crow Dog and Iron Shell were both related as 'cousins' to Two Strike. Two Strike was married to three women, sisters or cousins to each other, who were related to the Black Crow family -- maybe they were Black Crow's 'aunts', I'm not sure of the precise connection. Looking Horse was a member of Two Strike's band, the name is still prominent in the St. Francis area of the Rosebud Reservation. Big Star I don't really know anything about.
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Post by Dietmar on Nov 4, 2018 7:45:33 GMT -5
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Post by Dietmar on Nov 4, 2018 10:32:45 GMT -5
The New York Herald covered the journey of commissioners to the Dakota agencies in August 1875 and writes about the visit of the Indians at Spotted Tail agency on Beaver Creek:
“They are divided into two principal bands, Spotted Tail, who is chief of all, having his immediate followers, who number more than half the whole; while next to him is Swift Bear, who has under control a combination including the Corn Band, the Loafers and the half-breeds, more or less of whom are associated with every Indian agency.
[…]
The principal soldiers in Spotted Tail´s band are Two Strike, Black Crow, Big Star, Looking Horse, Crow Dog, He Dog and Kill on Horseback. And among those immediately under Swift Bear are White Thunder, White Wash, Red Weazle, and Good Voice. “ (The New York Herald, August 28, 1875, Page 4)
I haven´t seen a portrait of Horse Looking/Looking Horse yet, Kingsley. Some newspapers mention hin as part of the 1875 delegation, but he´s not in the big delegation group photo we all know.
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Post by kingsleybray on Nov 6, 2018 4:26:54 GMT -5
Thanks for quoting from this fascinating article, Dietmar. It helps understand Brule (Sicangu) political structures at a crucial phase in tribal history. It's really interesting that it lists the four Shirt Wearers together in a bloc. And it's fitting that they're named as "principal soldiers" or akicita. Shirt Wearers were a kind of link between civil chiefs and the body of warriors or zuya wicasa. My feeling is that during much of the year, when the bands were living scattered out, men like Black Crow were headmen in the band akicita force. When a tribe like the Brules gathered, typically in the summer, the Shirt Wearer status came back into focus. The chiefs' council might invite the Shirt Wearers to pronounce on a controversial issue. By 1875, as the Lakotas increasingly settled at the agencies of the Great Sioux Reservation, new political contexts opened up, where many bands were concentrated together all year round. The old dispersed structure no longer obtained.
Of Spotted Tail's other "principal soldiers", Two Strike was considered a civil chief, but he retained status and influence in a key men's society, the Iyuptala, also called Miwatani and Owl Feather Headdress. He Dog (the Brule, not the same man as the famous Oglala) was a member of the 1875 delegation to Washington. I would imagine He Dog and Kills on Horseback were officers in one or other of the warrior societies,and held status as tribal policing officers in 1875. Ring Thunder, another Washington delegate, was also an akicita headman that year. Many of these men are pictured in one of the ledger books illustrated here on American-tribes.com. Let's do a check on those images and see if the regalia they wear offers clues into their society affiliations.
I'll return to Swift Bear's principal headmen.
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Post by Dietmar on Nov 7, 2018 7:42:38 GMT -5
Kills on Horseback was Spotted Tail´s brother-in-law. (see: Crow Dog´s Case: A Chapter in the Legal History in Tribal Sovereignty by Sidney Harring, page 208 and Black Hills Weekly Times, 28. March 1882, page 3)
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Post by Dietmar on Feb 3, 2021 10:55:23 GMT -5
...to find a never seen portrait of the 1872 Oglala delegation at the Amon Carter Museum archives really made my day: Lone Wolf and Ear of Corn, Oglala Lakota delegation, 1872
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