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Post by kingsleybray on Aug 29, 2014 5:41:57 GMT -5
We have had a number of references, especially in the thread relating to Old Smoke, to the prominent Standing Bull family of the Oglalas. There were four leaders bearing this name in the period c. 1775-1900. I want to start pulling together facts and thoughts on this very important dynastic family. Here are some preliminary thoughts on the family's background in the 17th and 18th centuries.
The first known Standing Bull (Tatanka Nazhin), according to the genealogies of LaDeane Miller, lived approximately from 1738 to 1811. He is the man credited in the American Horse winter count with ‘discovering’ the Black Hills under year 1775-76.
According to Wilmer Mesteth, the modern Oglala historian, Standing Bull I was related to the Bull Bear family, being descended from Holy Standing Buffalo, an early leader (probably born late in the 1600s) of the ancestral Oglala and the direct paternal ancestor of the Bull Bear line of chiefs. This is consistent with a statement by Chasing Crow (Alex Adams) that Standing Bull II (c. 1770-1841) and the famous chief Bull Bear (c. 1791-1841) were related as ‘brothers’.
This ancestry places the Standing Bull family in the line leading back through the parent group of the later Oglala, the Kiyaksa tiyoshpaye, to their antecedents among the Mdewakanton Dakota. This direct descent of the Oglalas, via the Kiyaksa, from the Mdewakanton was explained to me by Wilmer Mesteth.
A second strand in the family ancestry is detectible in the names Holy Standing Buffalo and Standing Bull. According to Howard White Face, a direct descendant of the Standing Bulls, these names reflect the family’s blood ties to the keepers of the Calf Pipe Bundle, the most sacred of Lakota objects. The first keeper of the Calf Pipe was named Bull Stands Upright, and the names Holy Standing Buffalo (Pte Wakan Nazhin) and Standing Bull (Tatanka Nazhin) are versions of the first keeper’s name, which was derived from an incident (or vision): a man stalking two buffaloes observed the bull mount the cow, and the cow walked away, leaving the bull walking upright on its hindlegs.
The Calf Pipe Bundle was kept within the historic Sans Arc (Itazipcho) tribal division of the Lakota. Before the 18th century the Sans Arcs were known as the Minishala Oyate or Red Water Nation. So these family ties suggest to me that the Holy Standing Buffalo-Bull Bear-Standing Bull family cluster was connected from at least the later 17th century to both the Kiyaksa/Mdewakanton and the Red Water/Teton. And that Oglala ultimate origins are best understood as being created out of sustained, planned intermarriages linking the Mdewakanton communities round the Sacred Lake (modern Mille Lacs Lake, Minnesota) with the founding communities of the Teton (Titonwan, Prairie Village) on the grasslands to the west. We can see this reflected in the statement by Paul High Horse (see the Charles Tackett thread under Brule) that the Oglalas were once called Red Water, as pointed out by Ephriam recently.
Standing Bull I. According to LaDeane Miller’s genealogies, the first Standing Bull was born c. 1738, the son of Black Moccasin and a Sauk Indian woman. The name Black Moccasin was remembered by Howard White Face as belonging in his ancestry, and the generational fit suggests he may have been a son of Holy Standing Buffalo. Black Moccasin would have been a ‘brother’ of Stone Knife I, paternal grandfather to Bull Bear.
Standing Bull grew up among the Saone Tetons, reflecting his family’s ancient ties to the Sans Arcs/Red Water nation. He married into the Oglala in the early 1760s, making his home there. One or more of his wives may be in the American Horse ancestry, the women American Horse referred to in a fragmentary statement about his antecedents preserved in virtually illegible shorthand in the Eli S. Ricker papers. Possibly the oldest of Standing Bull’s sons (or ‘sons’) was Parts of Body, the father of Old Smoke. Another was Standing Bull II (born c. 1770), while a third line may have generated the Sitting Bear-Three Bears-American Horse branch of the True Oglala.
Something of these family connections is reflected in Howard White Face's recollection that the Standing Bull's closest relatives within the Oglala tribe included the Bull Bear and American Horse families.
Standing Bull became a great warrior and war leader, and led the Oglalas in their tribal migration to the Black Hills in c. 1776. This era was one in which the Oglalas emerged as the advance guard of the Teton people, attracting many followers from other Lakota divisions. Following an anarchic period in which the Oglalas had repeatedly quarrelled and divided their band, this must reflect the emergence of a new authoritative leader who helped co-ordinate tribal activities. Everything I have learned suggests to me that Standing Bull I was the 'game changer'.
By the 1780s Standing Bull was the principal leader of the True Oglala band, and commanded a expansive network of kinship relations throughout the Oglala tribe and beyond. According to LaDeane Miller, he lived on until c. 1811.
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Post by kingsleybray on Aug 29, 2014 9:51:34 GMT -5
Standing Bull II. According to LaDeane Miller’s genealogy the second Standing Bull was born c. 1770. The account of Alex Adams (Chasing Crow) states that he was killed in the same fight on Chugwater Creek, Wyoming, in December 1841, in which chief Bull Bear was killed. Adams ascribes the killing of both men, whom he identifies as ‘brothers’, to Red Cloud. Standing Bull II was probably recognized as the chief of the True Oglala/Hunkpatila band in the decade 1810-20. He is mentioned in the journals of Henry Atkinson and Stephen Watts Kearny on the Atkinson-O’Fallon Treaty Commission of 1825. The Oglalas were met at the confluence of the Bad and Missouri rivers, opposite modern Pierre, SD. On Saturday, July 2, 1825, Atkinson recorded: “This morning the Standing Buffalo the principle chief of the Ogelallas with 5 other Indians paid us a visit at 9 o.c. He came to make himself known & to ask where he should pitch the lodges of his nation. He is a dignified & well behaved man & has great influence among his people.”
Standing Bull II presided at the series of councils and meetings with the commissioners. He was the first Oglala signatory to the treaty signed on July 6th. He was presented with a horse, pistol and sword by General Atkinson.
In the Cloud Shield winter count under 1832-33 it is recorded that all of Standing Bull’s horses were killed by persons unknown, clearly an incident arising from internal tribal disagreements among the Oglalas. The fact that Standing Bull shifted his residence to the Kuhinyan band within the next two-three years suggests that the disagreement focussed within his own True Oglala/Hunkpatila.
After this date he disappears from the record of events, suggesting that he retired from active chieftainship round his mid-sixties. Yellow Eagle was the main player in Hunkpatila politics in the later 1830s, a chief in close relationship with the Ft Pierre/American Fur Co. trade hierarchy. The fact that Standing Bull purportedly died with Bull Bear suggests that he accompanied Bull Bear’s Kuhinyan band when it shifted its hunting-trading range southward from the Black Hills to the North Platte and Fort Laramie in 1834-35. At this juncture Bull Bear’s brother Iron Hatchet formed a new band, called Payabya, derived from people drawn from both major contemporary divisions, the Kuhinyan and Hunkpatila bands. Possibly Standing Bull, a senior elder, was invited to join the new band by Iron Hatchet, another of Standing Bull’s classificatory ‘brothers’.
Considerations presented below indicate that Standing Bull, respected elder, served as the eyapaha, the herald or crier of the Kuhinyan chiefs' council. Some True Oglala tiyoshpayes, including that of Shirt Wearer Fast Whirlwind, followed Standing Bull to augment the Kuhinyan. Others, including the one associated with rising war leader Yellow Thunder (father of Little Big Man), resisted the shift southward, retaining core hunting grounds nearer the Black Hills. This group may be the Refuse to Move Camp (Iglaka Tehkila) sub-band - and here perhaps we detect the faction line that had begun with the killing of Standing Bull's horses in 1832.
Death of Standing Bull II. Cloud Shield's winter count, which closely follows the career and kinship affinities of Red Cloud, comments that Red Cloud killed three men in the 1841 brawl on Chugwater creek. Alex Adams names three men killed by Red Cloud - Little Wound the elder, ie. Bull Bear; Short Bear; and Bull Bear's "brother" Standing Bull. Adams-Donald Collier interview 1939. However, in conversation with John Colhoff, Adams observed that Red Cloud killed Bull Bear and Mad Dog, two brothers, no mention of a third fatality. Nb that Mad Dog and Standing Bull are not the same person.
Rocky Bear's account of the Bull Bear killing - to A. E. Sheldon, 1903, in Nebraska State Historical Society - on the other hand says "Red Cloud killed one only". Rocky Bear does detail another fatality during the quarrel. "Blue Horse brother named 'Tail' came over to chiefs tent [council tipi] and said 'you old chiefs - say something to me.['] Tail then grabbed a haranguer and stabbed him".
My suggestion: Red Cloud was believed to have killed as many as three men in the quarrel - definitely Bull Bear, possibly Mad Dog, and Short Bear. The crossfire at the height of the fight must have been confusing to say the least.
I suggest the possibility that Standing Bull, now aged about 71, was the Kuhinyan band's chiefs' crier or herald - the "haranguer" - and was fatally stabbed by Tail at the very beginning of the quarrel. Alex Adams confused the 'brothers' of Bull Bear in his statement to Collier.
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Post by kingsleybray on Aug 29, 2014 10:38:49 GMT -5
Standing Bull III. The third Standing Bull was an active leader in the 1840s and 1850s. He was presumably born somewhere in the timeframe c. 1795-1810. Unlike his father, who shifted south to the Kuhinyan band after he retired from the chieftainship c. 1835, he seems to have stayed among the Hunkpatila Oglala. Two of his wives were Short Woman, born c. 1816, and Painted Rock, born c. 1831 – both women still alive at Pine Ridge in 1886 and living in the household of their son Standing Bull IV.
Thanks to Ephriam, we have a St. Louis newspaper reference to Standing Bull III from 1844, in which he is named as one of the Lakota war leaders engaged in hostilities against the Pawnees during winter 1843-44.
Standing Bull III was rated by Thaddeus Culbertson as an Oglala chief in 1850, aligned with an otherwise unreported band, the Night Cloud. Possibly this was a name for his sub-division of the Hunkpatila. He was a wakichunze or Decider in the main band. When the Bad Faces organized as a large, maximal band (in 1853?), Standing Bull shifted over to that band. Alex Adams noted him as one of four Bad Face Deciders in the 1850s – the others being Smoke, White Hawk, and Brave Bear (aka Shot in the Face). Smoke and Standing Bull would have been classificatory ‘brothers’ through the Parts of Body connection, Smoke being the elder by some years.
He was met by Agent Thomas S. Twiss in 1855, when he presented the new agent with "one garnished Robe, and one garnished pair of leggins." 'Garnished' refers to decoration with quillworked bands. In return Twiss supposedly gave Standing Bull "Ten Blankets, and other articles in proportion", goods allegedly siphoned off the Indian annuity goods.
In spring 1856 the Oglala chiefs' council met at the demand of General Harney to nominate a tribal head chief and nine 'sub chiefs'. Standing Bull was one of these so-called 'sub chiefs', who travelled to counsel with Harney at Ft Pierre on May 20-21.
His last namecheck is in Twiss’s September 1858 report bearing on annuity goods under the Treaty of 1851. Old Man Afraid of His Horse, Smoke, Standing Bull, and Yellow Eagle (Hunkpatila chief) signed a document requesting certain changes in the goods supplied. No further records known to me mention Standing Bull III.
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Post by kingsleybray on Aug 29, 2014 11:04:43 GMT -5
Standing Bull I. According to LaDeane Miller’s genealogies, the first Standing Bull was born c. 1738, the son of Black Moccasin and a Sauk Indian woman. The name Black Moccasin was remembered by Howard White Face as belonging in his ancestry, and the generational fit suggests he may have been a son of Holy Standing Buffalo. Black Moccasin would have been a ‘brother’ of Stone Knife I, paternal grandfather to Bull Bear.
Standing Bull grew up among the Saone Tetons, reflecting his family’s ancient ties to the Sans Arcs/Red Water nation. He married into the Oglala in the early 1760s, making his home there. One or more of his wives may be in the American Horse ancestry, the women American Horse referred to in a fragmentary statement about his antecedents preserved in virtually illegible shorthand in the Eli S. Ricker papers. Possibly the oldest of Standing Bull’s sons (or ‘sons’) was Parts of Body, the father of Old Smoke. Another was Standing Bull II (born c. 1770), while a third line may have generated the Sitting Bear-Three Bears-American Horse branch of the True Oglala.
Standing Bull became a great warrior and war leader, and led the Oglalas in their tribal migration to the Black Hills in c. 1776. By the 1780s he was the principal leader of the True Oglala band, and commanded a expansive network of kinship relations throughout the Oglala tribe and beyond. According to LaDeane Miller, he lived on until c. 1811.
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ceyawi33
New Member
The pic on profile is one of my sacred pieces, I am an artist I make many Items it is bear skull.
Posts: 17
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Post by ceyawi33 on Aug 29, 2014 11:20:07 GMT -5
Thank you for all the wonderful research you do. I love reading it. Pte cheyaya wakhan winyan
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Post by Dietmar on Aug 30, 2014 6:53:38 GMT -5
Thank you Kingsley. I would suspect that at least there could be a photograph of Standing Bull IV. In Grabill´s group photograph he took in 1891 there indeed is one Lakota who bears the name Standing Bull. The majority of men in that pictrure are from Rosebud though. www.american-tribes.com/Photographers/BIO/Grabill.htmStanding Bull, 1891 by Grabill
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Post by kingsleybray on Aug 30, 2014 8:43:04 GMT -5
Dietmar, thanks for posting the Grabill detail, I am sure this is Standing Bull IV. I will post on him soon. There is another Grabill shot taken at the same time where the same group of chiefs is grouped round Short Bull. Standing Bull is standing at the left of the image.
What I've written is not meant to be the final word on the Standing Bulls. Any new facts, corrections, and amplifications can be worked in to them - much as Ephriam and myself and others posted on the Miniconjou White Swan dynasty a couple years ago. More later, Kingsley.
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Post by Dietmar on Aug 30, 2014 9:11:43 GMT -5
Here´s the detail Kingsley mentioned: Standing Bull, 1891 by Grabill
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Post by Dietmar on Aug 30, 2014 9:31:31 GMT -5
And here is a picture of Kingsley with Howard White Face, a direct descendant of the Standing Bull dynasty, who he met last year in Rapid City:
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Post by Dietmar on Aug 31, 2014 12:34:14 GMT -5
Thomas White Face was the son of Standing Bull IV. He was photographed by Heyn in 1899: Thomas White Face, 1899 by Heyn In Edward Kadlecek´s "To Kill an Eagle - Indian Views on the Last Days of Crazy Horse" (Boulder, 1891, page 155-157) we find this statement by him: "My name is Standing Bull. Now at the present time I am known as Thomas White Face and am 94 years of age. My family name is Standing Bull. When baptized I was given my father´s name of White Face. The church gave me the first name of Thomas. When enrolled in the census, I was given my father´s name of White Face instead of Standing Bull. I was one of the first councilmen in Frank Wilson´s administration, when it was first organized. My son, Joe White Face, was also a councilman, and Tribal Judge for six years for the Porcupine and Kyle District. My grandson, Isaac White Face, is at present a councilman. My father and mother knew Crazy Horse well. […] Turning Eagle and Standing Bull (my father) with a few others were the main [Sundance] dancers in 1882 south of Mission Town, close to Spring Creek."Thomas White Face, August 10, 1966 (There is one more photo of him as an older man I will scan and post later)
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Post by Dietmar on Aug 31, 2014 12:58:11 GMT -5
...and another portait of him by F .A. Rinehart: Thomas White Face, 1899 by F.A. Rinehart
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Post by kingsleybray on Aug 31, 2014 17:16:31 GMT -5
Standing Bull IV. The last member of the Standing Bull dynasty was born about 1835-36, and he died in 1901. He consistently was identified with the Hunkpatila band, and with the families of Little Hawk, Crazy Horse, and other leaders of that band. As his son Thomas White Face remarked to the Kadleceks in 1966, "My father and mother knew Crazy Horse well." This Standing Bull is the man photographed in two group shots by Grabill in 1891. Dietmar has posted details from the photographs.
Luther Standing Bear remarks of Standing Bull that he was a cousin of Luther's father Standing Bear - perhaps there is a persistent family link between the Standing Bulls and Standing Bears, extending back into those earlier generations. Luther goes on to say that as as a young man Standing Bull was "shot through the body by soldiers; the bullet entered the middle chest just above the stomach and came out in the back. The wound never healed completely, but he lived thirty years or more without any interference with his activity. Standing Bull liked to decorate himself for dances by painting a black spot over the wounds on his back and chest and long red stripes simulating flowing blood down from the wounds and his mouth and nose. Apparently his strength was not impaired, for he rode, hunted and danced just as ever, though he lost his sense of smell and coughed continually." (LAND OF THE SPOTTED EAGLE, p. 61.) This wound was probably incurred in one of the battles of the Bozeman Trail War.
According to his direct descendant Howard White Face, Standing Bull painted one side of his face white before going to war. This is the reason the family's name was subsequently changed to White Face (Ite Sankiye).
"The Oyochpas, under standing Bull and Red Dog, number 750. These Indians are governed by the same laws as the Ogallallahs, and have the same society or order of 'Warriors of the White
Sash,' and are indeed Ogallallahs; but they band by themselves, and have a distinctive name of their own."
This quotation is from the The Jasper Weekly Courier (Indiana), July 02, 1875, p. 3; originally published in the Chicago Tribune. It was posted by Ephriam a few weeks ago.
Here is a Standing Bull, and presumably Standing Bull IV, associated with the Oyuhpe ("Oyochpas") band of the Oglalas. This does not negate his Hunkpatila association. There is an 1874 agency correspondence note that Crazy Horse himself was of the Oyuhpe. My feeling would be that after the Treaty of 1868 and the realignment of bands as the reservation system was imposed, the non-treaty element of the Hunkpatila band (Crazy Horse, Little Hawk, Standing Bull and others) aligned with counterpart Oyuhpe elements.
The article names Standing Bull and Red Dog as leaders of the Oyuhpe. Red Dog was a civil chief who settled permanently at Red Cloud Agency after 1871-72. Standing Bull undoubtedly was of the non-treaty factions. Is there a hint in this that he was in 1875, age 39-40, a headman in the Wichiska (White Packstrap, White Sash) warrior society? There was a chapter of this society in each of the major, maximal Oglala bands, i.e. Oglala proper or Head Bands, Oyuhpe, Kiyaksa, Wazhazha. This society had been founded by Old Man Afraid of His Horse - possibly in 1835, the year of Standing Bull IV's birth. In 1874 Old Man Afraid presided over a revival of the society at Red Cloud Agency, when it committed itself to keeping order at the agency. Possibly in 1875, before the Black Hills council polarised US-Lakota relations, the society including its Oyuhpe chapter was moving toward a negotiated solution to the crisis in the Black Hills? Possibly Standing Bull IV, a senior member of the Oyuhpe chapter, was for a while on hand at RCA to monitor events. We do know that the White Packstrap society had welcomed General Crook's ultimatum to gold miners in the Black Hills to leave by August 15 (see Kingsley Bray, CRAZY HORSE, A LAKOTA LIFE, p. 189). The wary dialogue was cut off after the miners ignored the Crook deadline, and no military intervention took place to enforce it.
By 1877, when Lakotas were compelled to surrender at the end of the Great Sioux War, Standing Bull, entering his forties, was a leading akichita in the Hunkpatila band. When Crazy Horse was mortally wounded at Camp Robinson, according to He Dog, "Standing Buffalo and another Indian came across the parade ground and gave him their blankets." This indicates the closeness of Standing Bull and Crazy Horse. According to Lucille Runs After, Lone Horn descendant, the other man who gave his blanket was Standing Elk, the younger brother of Touch the Clouds.
Angered by the death of Crazy Horse, and disillusioned with reservation life, Standing Bull was among the Oglalas who led the breakout to Canada on January 10, 1878. He must have been among the Oglalas who followed Little Hawk in to surrender at Ft Keogh in spring-summer 1880. His family is listed among the Oglalas interned at Standing Rock Agency in 1881, before transfer to Pine Ridge, the Oglala home agency, in spring 1882. Thomas White Face's statement cited by Dietmar above makes an interesting observation: that Standing Bull (aged about forty-six) underwent the Sun Dance at Rosebud Agency immediately after transfer. Howard White Face also stressed to me that Standing Bull IV had close links to the Brule/Sichangu.
At Pine Ridge the Hunkpatila band divided, part settling with the Oyuhpe on Wounded Knee creek, the rest (following Little Hawk) merging with the Spleen band in the modern Calico community next to Holy Rosary Mission. Standing Bull settled near his contemporary and relative Little Hawk. He died there around 1900.
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Post by Dietmar on Sept 1, 2014 8:35:28 GMT -5
As promised earlier, here´s the scan from Kadlecek: Thomas White Face (standing) and family A coloured version of a Heyn photograph: Thomas White Face by Heyn, 1899
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Post by kingsleybray on Sept 1, 2014 14:43:15 GMT -5
"The Oyochpas, under standing Bull and Red Dog, number 750. These Indians are governed by the same laws as the Ogallallahs, and have the same society or order of 'Warriors of the White
Sash,' and are indeed Ogallallahs; but they band by themselves, and have a distinctive name of their own."
This quotation is from the The Jasper Weekly Courier (Indiana), July 02, 1875, p. 3; originally published in the Chicago Tribune. It was posted by Ephriam a few weeks ago.
Here is a Standing Bull, and presumably Standing Bull IV, associated with the Oyuhpe ("Oyochpas") band of the Oglalas. This does not negate the Hunkpatila association I asserted on yesterday's post. There is an 1874 agency correspondence note that Crazy Horse himself was of the Oyuhpe. My feeling would be that after the Treaty of 1868 and the realignment of bands as the reservation system was imposed, the non-treaty element of the Hunkpatila band (Crazy Horse, Little Hawk, Standing Bull and others) aligned with counterpart Oyuhpe elements.
The article names Standing Bull and Red Dog as leaders of the Oyuhpe. Red Dog was a civil chief who settled permanently at Red Cloud Agency after 1871-72. Standing Bull undoubtedly was of the non-treaty factions. Is there a hint in this that he was in 1875, age 39-40, a headman in the Wichiska (White Packstrap, White Sash) warrior society? There was a chapter of this society in each of the major, maximal Oglala bands, i.e. Oglala proper or Head Bands, Oyuhpe, Kiyaksa, Wazhazha. This society had been founded by Old Man Afraid of His Horse - possibly in 1835, the year of Standing Bull IV's birth. In 1874 Old Man Afraid presided over a revival of the society at Red Cloud Agency, when it committed itself to keeping order at the agency. Possibly in 1875, before the Black Hills council polarised US-Lakota relations, the society including its Oyuhpe chapter was moving toward a negotiated solution to the crisis in the Black Hills? Possibly Standing Bull IV, a senior member of the Oyuhpe chapter, was for a while on hand at RCA to monitor events. We do know that the White Packstrap society had welcomed General Crook's ultimatum to gold miners in the Black Hills to leave by August 15 (see Kingsley Bray, CRAZY HORSE, A LAKOTA LIFE, p. 189). The wary dialogue was cut off after the miners ignored the Crook deadline, and no military intervention took place to enforce it.
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Post by kingsleybray on Sept 2, 2014 4:28:51 GMT -5
Death of Standing Bull II. Cloud Shield's winter count, which closely follows the career and kinship affinities of Red Cloud, comments that Red Cloud killed three men in the 1841 brawl on Chugwater creek. Alex Adams names three men killed by Red Cloud - Little Wound the elder, ie. Bull Bear; Short Bear; and Bull Bear's "brother" Standing Bull. Adams-Donald Collier interview 1939. However, in conversation with John Colhoff, Adams observed that Red Cloud killed Bull Bear and Mad Dog, two brothers, no mention of a third fatality. Nb that Mad Dog and Standing Bull are not the same person.
Rocky Bear's account of the Bull Bear killing - to A. E. Sheldon, 1903, in Nebraska State Historical Society - on the other hand says "Red Cloud killed one only". Rocky Bear does detail another fatality during the quarrel. "Blue Horse brother named 'Tail' came over to chiefs tent [council tipi] and said 'you old chiefs - say something to me.['] Tail then grabbed a haranguer and stabbed him".
My suggestion: Red Cloud was believed to have killed as many as three men in the quarrel - definitely Bull Bear, possibly Mad Dog, and Short Bear. The crossfire at the height of the fight must have been confusing to say the least.
I suggest the possibility that Standing Bull, now aged about 71, was the Kuhinyan band's chiefs' crier or herald - the "haranguer" - and was fatally stabbed by Tail at the very beginning of the quarrel. Alex Adams confused the 'brothers' of Bull Bear in his statement to Collier.
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