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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 12, 2015 6:22:30 GMT -5
I’ve been rethinking my baseline breakdown of Oglala population set at 1804. Summarising my entry on page 1 of this thread, Lewis & Clark and Tabeau both table two maximal bands for that date. That is a band of several hundred people with claims to a specific territory. The two bands were the “Okandandahs” (d-Dakota pronunciation of Oglala) proper and the “Sheo”. I propose that the Shiyo (Sharptail Grouse) band mainly hunted east from the Missouri, while the Oglala proper hunted west toward the Black Hills. The Bad and Cheyenne rivers were their main avenue toward the west.
Taking a slightly different tack, let’s look at the Oglala proper in terms of their leading men. We know that each of these men was active in the generation 1800-25, all in their 40s through 60s in age. Each of them was identified with a prominent extended family. They must have been the rank of elders who sat as the nacha omnichiye, the headmen’s council. I’m going to group them in rough order of age and make some remarks about their possible roles in tribal life.
• Standing Bull I born c. 1738 possibly eyapaha, herald • Stone Knife II born c. 1740s ceremonial leader, ‘head chief’ • Kuhinyan I born c. 1750 • Bad Wound I born c. 1755 deals with white traders, ‘head chief’ • Man Afraid of His Horse I born c. 1755+ possibly made Shirt Wearer 1790? • Black Elk I born c. 1760 holy man • Sitting Bear I born c. 1765 belongs to Mato Oyate or ‘Bear clan’
Rising men, prominent in the next generation, active warriors and akichita officers c. 1804:
• White Swan born c. 1760/65 younger brother Stone Knife • Standing Bull II born c. 1770 • Little Bull born c. 1775 possibly a ‘son’ of Kuhinyan? • Paints His Chin Red born c. 1780 possibly another ‘son’ of Kuhinyan? • Black Rock born c. 1780 a ‘son’ of Bad Wound, killed c. 1807 • Man Afraid of His Horse II born c. 1780+
The Shiyo band remains much less known. I now would propose that their ranking elder is:
• White Robe born c. 1730+ probably oldest chief in Oglala tribe; presides at intertribal trade fair on James river; plus • White Bull I born c. 1760 made Shirt Wearer by Brule council 1790?
Among Shiyo warriors may be Shoulder, chief in c. 1823-35, probably only about 20 years old in 1804 - conceivably a 'son' of White Bull; and Black Cloud, noted as a chief among the Brules across the span 1812-1837. NB that the Shiyo band broke up across 1810-35, part joining the Brules, the rest dissolving among other Oglala bands.
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 12, 2015 8:40:37 GMT -5
Documents relating to the Lewis & Clark expedition (1804-06) and the visit of Lakota chiefs to St. Louis to visit Wm Clark in 1807 suggest that there were strong connections linking the Brule and Oglala at the 1804 baseline.
That is only to be expected, but they suggest that two prominent Brules (and their bands) must have been occasional visitors to the Oglala, occasionally attending the Oglala Sun Dance (usually held near the mouth of Bad river), and sometimes being honoured by the Oglala headmen's council to join the rank of Deciders (wakichunze). These men were
Stabber (Wacheunpa, Roaster band) Little Bird (Minishala, Red Water band).
It's noteworthy that elements of both these bands joined the Oglala permanently in timeframe 1825-50. The Stabber family is still eminent at Pine Ridge today.
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 13, 2015 8:13:14 GMT -5
Two important sources on the Kuhinyan band of Oglalas, showing that the name was borne by an early leader:
Valentine T. McGillycuddy to Doane Robinson, December 28, 1923 (South Dakota Historical Society). “At the time Bull Bear was killed the Oglala band went by the name Ku Hin Yan, this name being taken from a man who had a very disagreeable nature, a bad man, he being chief of the band, both Red Cloud and Bull Bear belonged to this band.”
John Colhoff to Joseph Balmer, November 16, 1949 (Kingsley Bray collection). “Another [Oglala band], called (Kinhunyans) the translation, even old timers (interpreters) can not translate it. Mr Joseph Eagle Hawk told me, that word means terrible, or fearful. The original leader of this band was a ferocious warrior, a story is told of this leader, related by Eagle Hawk’s uncles, like He Dog, Bad Heart Bull, Short Buffalo, that the leader of this Kinhunyans, once killed an enemy, butchered him and carried the quarters of the enemy on his back and back to his village. Was the reason, they are known as the (Kinhunyans). The word, Hinyanza today means ferocious or brutal. No good.”
Note also Iron Crow's statement to Ed Meany in 1907, as posted by Ephriam: "Formerly his Ogalala people were called Can-Hi-yan-za 'the determined people.' The father of chief Little Wound -- Buffalo Bear (Mah-to-Ta-Tonka [Bull Bear]) -- was then chief."
Can-hinyanze can be literally translated as 'stern hearted'. It's a variant of Kuhinyan. I wonder if Ku-hinyan might be 'returns sternly, fiercely': like the story Colhoff tells.
Howver, Nicollet in 1839 wrote Ku-inyan and translated it as 'Gives the Rock'. Wilmer Mesteth at Pine Ridge told me last year that at one time the Kiyaksa band intermarried with a band of Cheyennes and gave a large quantity of catlinite pipestone to the Cheyennes - so the name Ku-inyan was created. Makula told Mekeel a version of Wilmer's story back in 1931, and dates it soon after the smallpox epidemic of 1780-81. About 1782.
I suggest that the man Kuhinyan I (there was a younger man with the name, an active warrior in the 1830s) was born about 1750, and a headman and chief in the rough frame 1790-1815.
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dado
New Member
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Post by dado on Jan 14, 2015 12:34:11 GMT -5
Kingsley, short note here on your recent entries. A man named Black Rock was killed in 1792 or 1806 or 1807 (see Fire Thunder and Iron Crow Winter Count). In 1809, Iron Crow refers to a ceremony that should have led a man by the name of Black Rock. Probably an exchange between a father and a "son" has taken place.
In 1785 or 1791 a "Bear-ears" was killed (Fire Thunder and Iron Crow Winter Count). Maybe this would be a reference to the "Bear clan".
Hyde translated the word Kuhinyan with stand-offish, so called because they camped usually by themselves.
dado
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 16, 2015 17:35:13 GMT -5
Joe American Horse in 2012 told me the following:
“Our tiyoshpaye identified with the Bear clan. That’s not the same as the Bull Bear family. The Bear clan came before the Kiyuksa. The Kiyuksa came along a little later. My great-grandfather Sitting Bear [the father of American Horse (c. 1839-1909)] was chief of the Bear clan. He had many wives and children, and many orphans who he took into his family.
“After the Seven Campfires, they go into bands – the Kiyuksa was one of those bands.
“The Bear clan came before the Kiyuksa. The Kiyuksa came after them. My grandfather American Horse was from the Kiyuksa. American Horse had two wives from the Iron Shell family.”
Last November I spoke about the Bear clan with Wilmer Mesteth. He agreed that it was an old grouping, in the 19th c. one of the tiyoshpaye making up the larger Kiyuksa band. It included many men with bear names, e.g. Growling Bear, Brown Bear, Yellow Bear, Black Bear, Young Bull Bear.
I now think that the third Oglala chief to sign the 1825 Treaty, Crazy Bear (dates: c. 1765-1830?), may represent the Bear clan, and could be the 'father' of Sitting Bear, and so the great-great grandfather of American Horse. I have corrected my entry above, inserting Crazy Bear as the Bear clan headman in the provisional 1804 listing.
I have to report the terrible news that Wilmer Mesteth, the great Oglala historian, teacher, and ceremonial leader, passed away this morning. It is a terrible loss to the Pine Ridge community.
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 17, 2015 4:16:10 GMT -5
After I posted last night, I had a very long wide ranging conversation with a friend at Pine Ridge, focussing on the early history of the American Horse / Bear clan (Mato Oyate) line. I was told that the Crazy Bear who signed the 1825 Treaty was an uncle (leksi) to American Horse's father Sitting Bear. He specified that the connection was in the female line, Sitting Bear's mother was sister to Crazy Bear.
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Post by grigoryev on Jan 17, 2015 14:48:29 GMT -5
Hello. As promised, provides information about the Red Cloud Agency. 43 Present at the June 12 [1871] council were: Red Cloud, Red Dog, Sword, Long Wolf, Man Afraid of His Horse (probably the elder), Quick Bear, Cold Face, Brave Bear, High Wolf, Sitting Bear, Red Plume, Little Cloud, Spider, Fire Thunder, Big Crow, Pretty Crow, Big Foot, Little Wound, Pumpkin Seed, Yellow Bear, Rocky Bear, Bad Wound, Bear Robe, Quick Eagle, Two Buffaloes, Corn Man, White Eyes, Milk, Spotted Horse, Red Leaf, Buffalo Sheds His Hair, and Red Buffalo." [Price, Chiefs, headmen, and warriors :, 1993, pg.110, n43]
My preliminary achievements. True Oglala xx lodges 1)Ite Sicha 80 lodges •Red Cloud 10 lodges •Spider •Brave Bear 10 lodges •Trunk/White Hawk 10 lodges •Smoke II, Peshla xx lodges •No Water II, Hoka Yuta xx lodges 2)Tapislecha: xx lodges •Black Hawk 40 lodges 1871 •Face 31 lodges •High Man 10 lodges •Yellow Bear II 2 lodges 3)Payabya 70 lodges 1872 •Old Man Afraid His Horse 10 lodges •High Wolf 10 lodges •Tongue xx lodges True Oglala •Sitting Bear 20 lodges •American Horse 10 lodges Oyuhpe •Red Dog •Two Bulls •Corn Man 5 lodges Wagluhe •Fire Thunder 5 lodges? •Blue Horse 36 lodges December 1871 •Spotted Cow 16 lodges •Spotted Horse 10 lodges Wazhazha •Red Leaf •Daylight Kiyaksa 1)Tasnahecha •Bad Wound 21 lodges • 2)Kuhinyan • 3)Kiyaksa Proper •Little Wound •Sitting Bull 21 lodges •Three Bears 9 lodges •Two Lance 13 lodges •Stabber, Wacheunpa xx lodges Hoka Yuta •Shedding Wolf xx lodges
Help me with information on the following leaders: Long Wolf, Quick Bear, Cold Faceб Red Plume, Little Cloud, Big Crow, Pretty Crow, Big Foot, Pumpkin Seed, Rocky Bear, Bear Robe, Quick Eagle, Two Buffaloes, White Eyes, Buffalo Sheds His Hair, and Red Buffalo.
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 18, 2015 7:15:37 GMT -5
Exciting conversations with Oglala friends this weekend, who shared with me detailed traditions passed down by Thomas American Horse (c. 1869-1963). From this we can conclude that the True Oglala band formed in the mid-18th century out of the re-alignment of tiyoshpayes following the quarrel between sons of Holy Standing Buffalo. Disputing their seniority in the family, two brothers came to blows in council and one scattered dirt in his brother's face - scandalous behaviour.
The offended brother, with his adherents, withdrew and formed his own camp, which retained the old name Kiyuksa or Kiyaksa.
The other brother, Split Rock or Split Stone, took his followers and joined the Bear People, Mato Oyate. Because this new grouping had done the scattering of dirt, it became known as Oglala (reflexive form of verb to scatter). The tiyoshpaye of Split Rock was also known as Bad talkers, Iya-shicha, because of their continued reputation for quick temper - "they quarrelled among themselves a lot."
There was another tiyoshpaye which branched off the True Oglala, the Tashnahecha-yuta (Ground Squirrel Eaters). It was identified with the headman Bear Boy (Mato Hokshila), mentioned in Black Elk's tradition of the origin of the hunka ceremony. He made an alliance with the Arikaras in the 1750s, giving an independent clue into the timescale. The headman's name suggests to me that he (born c. 1720?) was of the Mato Oyate, part of that group becoming Tashnahecha.
Bad Wound I (born c. 1755) was identified with leadership of the Tashnahecha at the end of the 18th c. I had assumed he was born into the True Oglala maximal band, but that turns out not to be true. He was born into the Wacheunpa (Roaster) band, which was part of the Brule tribal division. The Roaster and antecedent True Oglala were two of the oldest bands of all the Teton. Bad Wound married into the True Oglala-Tashnahecha about 1780, bringing elements of his Wacheunpa family with him and merging into the True Oglala.
Split Rock was the great-great grandfather of American Horse. His son was Sitting Bear I, who fathered Sitting Bear II (aka Brown Eagle Tail) and Red Bear (latter joins Kuhinyan band). Sitting Bear II's son was Three Bears (but also known as Sitting Bear and nicknamed Rectum) who was the father of American Horse.
Another brother of Split Rock is in the direct ancestry of the Standing Bull family.
Thus by c. 1804 - remember our baseline year! - we see three main extended families within True Oglala:
(a) Sitting Bear headman: Bad Talkers, also Mato Oyate (b) Bad Wound headman: Tashnahecha (c) Standing Bull headman
It's encouraging how we are beginning to discern the relationships between the leading families and the chief political players in Oglala society. Looking outside the True Oglala band cluster, for instance, we know that the Kiyaksa proper tiyoshpaye leadership, focussed on Stone Knife and White Swan, were still related as 'brothers' to their Standing Bull contemporaries. And now we know that Bad Wound related as an in-law to key True Oglala contemporaries. I am trying to refine this by finding out who Bad Wound married c. 1780. Fingers crossed.
The Thomas American Horse statements as I have them conclude with the remark: "The Kiyuksa merged with the True Oglala when they went to war with the Pawnees, and became one people." I think this must equate with the tribal move to the North Platte in 1835, and intensifying hostilities with the Pawnees across the period 1836-39 (recorded in the winter counts). I propose we should be imagining the contemporary True Oglala council - including Standing Bull II (now eyapaha?), Fast Whirlwind, Sitting Bear II, No Water - merging its operations with the Kiyuksa-Kuhinyan leadership in a bid to wrest the lower North Platte valley from the Skidi Pawnee.
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Post by hreinn on Jan 18, 2015 8:56:36 GMT -5
Great and exciting news/report ! Thanks for sharing it.
If a person had a name which would mean "using knife to split stone". Could there be 2 valid shorter versions of the name as: a) Split Stone b) Stone Knife ?
Where you could replace the word stone for the word rock. Where this stone/rock could be the relatively soft Pipestone.
And therefore perhaps the first Stone Knife in Little Wound's lineage ?
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 18, 2015 9:10:22 GMT -5
the similarity had occurred to me, hreinn. The Ku-inyan band name, explained as gives the rock, is said to refer to pipestone. . . .
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Post by hreinn on Jan 18, 2015 9:15:33 GMT -5
Yes, I see it now that you were on the same track. Because I see now that you added 2 paragraphs at the end of the post, where you mentions Stone Knife and White Swan and Pawnees. I had not seen it when this "link" crossed my mind.
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Post by hreinn on Jan 18, 2015 9:18:02 GMT -5
Yes, it all fits. Great thinking about the Kuinyan name.
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 20, 2015 4:08:43 GMT -5
I have had sustained conversations with Pine Ridge friends over the past few days which have dramatically increased my knowledge of early Oglala history, extending back via unpublished winter count traditions to the year 1263 . This new information is startling in its detail, and its implications for Oglala and Lakota tribal histories, and wider regional perspectives on late prehistory on the northeastern plains. I am busy working it into my ms on Lakota history before 1800. It’s premature to present all that information, and much needs to be considered! But I think we can provide a provisional new baseline covering most of the constituent Oglala bands within, say, the generation 1725-50. This was the timeframe in which the new name Oglala was coined, so I present this as a provisional breakdown at a key threshold in the history of this important Lakota people. It synthesises the new information with my analysis of French colonial records. • Izuza (Whetstone) ................... headman: Holy Standing Buffalo (is in process of merging through intermarriage with Kiyaksa) • Kiyaksa (Bitten in Two) ............... headman: ? Bull Bear I • Hunkpatila (Camp at Horn) ............ headman: Buffalo Shield, Yellow Eagle I • Mato Oyate (Bear Nation) ............ headman: ? Paouiatonga; after 1750: Bear Boy . Tiatunwan (Stay In Their Camp). (resident at French trading posts in Minnesota c. 1686-1701) • Oyuhpe (Thrown Down) ................. headman: Sage (recently formed from Hunkpatila and Tiatunwan interm. with Broken Arrow-Two Kettle people) This structure will be reworked by the fallout from the Dirt Scattering incident, when the sons of Holy Standing Buffalo quarrelled and divided the oyate - generating the new name and identity Oglala. The oldest bands were Izuza and Kiyaksa. Hunkpatila was probably the next oldest.
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dado
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Post by dado on Jan 24, 2015 2:11:00 GMT -5
There is only one kind of feeling. Is there in later times a connection between the Oyuhpe (Thrown Down) and the Izuza (Whetstone)?
From which sub-group, the family ties of Kuhinyan I and Man Afraid of His Horse I split off?
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Post by kingsleybray on Jan 24, 2015 4:07:21 GMT -5
dado, as you know all these band were so intermarried they were all connected. It would be meaningless to think of these distinctions in genetic terms. You had to marry out of your band.
However,having said that, these extended families had highly developed senses of family pride in their heritage, people were proud to claim connection back to, for instance, the Izuza oyate. So, all I can say is that the connection forward from the Izuza runs into the True Oglala band of the period after c. 1775, which becomes American Horse's band.
The Oyuhpe band, according to the new traditions I am privileged to see, "came out of the Hunkpatila." The Hunkpatila were one of the oldest bands, it was emphasised to me.
Kuhinyan is someone I have yet to follow up on.
Man Afraid of His Horse's family "came from the Payabya Band originally Hunkpapas merged with the Oglalas before 1800." Now this is a complicated one - and I think there is more to discover here.
But we are learning new things every day! Example, one week ago, I had no clue as the existence of the Izuza oyate, the Whetstone people. Now I know they were a crucial part of Oglala origins!
I've updated a few details on the message from January 20.
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